2. Consequences of Industrialisation

Question 1

What are the 4 areas for this plan?

Answer 1

1. Living conditions
2. Working conditions
3. Rise of Middle Class
4. Growth of Trade Unions

Question 2

Living Conditions

What percentage of Britain’s population lived in towns by 1800 and by 1880?

Answer 2

By 1800, 25%, and by 1880, 80%.

Question 3

Living Conditions

What was the rate of increase in the population of towns between 1801-1851?

Answer 3

27% each decade.

Question 4

Living Conditions

What proportion of the population increase between 1801-1841 was absorbed by towns with populations over 2500?

Answer 4

67%

Question 5

Living Conditions

How much did Bradford’s population grow by in the 1810s, 1820s, and 1830s?

Answer 5

63% in the 1810s, 69% in the 1820s, and 52% in the 1830s.

Question 6

Living Conditions

What proportion of the population lived in 4m wide back-to-back housing by 1800?

Answer 6

2/3rds

Question 7

Living Conditions

How many back-to-back houses did Nottingham have by 1841?

Answer 7

12,600

Question 8

Living Conditions

What diseases were caused by poor housing and lack of infrastructure?

Answer 8

Cholera, influenza, typhoid, and dysentery.

Question 9

Living Conditions

When and where did the first major outbreak of Cholera occur, and how many people did it kill?

Answer 9

In Sunderland in 1831, killing 32,000 within a year.

Question 10

Living Conditions

How many people did Typhus kill annually?

Answer 10

4000

Question 11

Living Conditions

How many major outbreaks of Typhoid occurred from 1830-1836?

Answer 11

4 major outbreaks

Question 12

Living Conditions

How many people did Asiatic Cholera kill in 1832?

Answer 12

52,000

Question 13

Living Conditions

What did Chadwick’s 1842 report of Manchester find regarding streets, ventilation, and child mortality?

Answer 13

It found that out of 687 streets, 248 were unpaved, 112 were ill-ventilated, and 252 had stagnant pools of effluence or piles of rubbish. Additionally, it found that 57% of children from WC parents died before their 5th birthday.

Question 14

Working Conditions

What were the typical working hours before the 1833 Factory Act?

Answer 14

A 6-day week with 14 hours a day.

Question 15

Working Conditions

Who did the reforms before the 1833 Factory Act primarily affect?

Answer 15

Women and children

Question 16

Working Conditions

How many hours did men typically work despite the reforms?

Answer 16

10+ hours.

Question 17

Working Conditions

What were the consequences of being late or talking during work?

Answer 17

Latecomers had 2 hours’ wages deducted, and talking incurred a fine of 1 shilling or 1/5th of the daily wage.

Question 18

Working Conditions

What happened to Martha Appleton in 1859, and what was the outcome?

Answer 18

She lost all her fingers on her left hand in a work accident. She was sacked with no compensation as she was no longer able to work effectively.

Question 19

Working Conditions

What safety improvement was introduced in mines in 1815?

Answer 19

The Davy safety lamp.

Question 20

Working Conditions

Despite improvements, what dangers still existed in mines?

Answer 20

Flooding, gas explosions, and collapsing shafts.

Question 21

Working Conditions

How much did coal production increase between 1770 and 1850?

Answer 21

From 6 million to 55 million tonnes of coal.

Question 22

Working Conditions

How did the depth of mines change between the 18th century and 1850?

Answer 22

Mines became deeper, extending from 90m in the 18th century to 300m by 1850.

Question 23

Rise of the Middle Class

In 1820, how much wealth did Benjamin Gott possess, and how many workers did he employ?

Answer 23

£100,000 in the bank and 1500 workers.

Question 24

Rise of the Middle Class

What was the wealth and worker count of Richard Crawshay at Cyfartha Ironworks in 1830?

Answer 24

£200,000 with 5000 workers.

Question 25

Rise of the Middle Class

How much was Richard Arkwright worth when he died in 1792?

Answer 25

£500,000.

Question 26

Rise of the Middle Class

What was the total value of goods produced by British manufacturers by 1811, and how much of it was exported?

Answer 26

£140m worth of goods, with £30m exported.

Question 27

Rise of the Middle Class

What was the significance of the middle class’s campaigning and wealth in the passage of the Great Reform Act in 1832?

Answer 27

Their campaigning efforts, along with the wealth they possessed, contributed to the passage of the Great Reform Act in 1832.

Question 28

Growth of Trade Unions

How did living near factories contribute to the growth of trade unions?

Answer 28

Living near factories facilitated easier communication among workers, leading to the development of groups and communities, such as cooperatives.

Question 29

Growth of Trade Unions

What significant event occurred in 1844 regarding cooperative models?

Answer 29

The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers was founded by 28 men, formalising the cooperative model.

Question 30

Growth of Trade Unions

By 1862, how many cooperatives had been established across Britain?

Answer 30

332 cooperatives, including ones in London (1832) and Birmingham (1833).

Question 31

Growth of Trade Unions

In 1793, what achievement did a group of London printers with a petition manage to secure?

Answer 31

They secured higher wages through a petition with 539 signatures.