1. connective tissue 2. muscle tissue 3. nerve tissue 4. epithelial tissue

1. Homeostasis Flashcards by huh? yunjin.

What is physiology? (1)

THE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF ORGANS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS

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What is physiology? (2)

STUDIES INTERPLAY OF FACTORS THAT AFFECT GROWTH (connectedness of each aspect of the body)

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Physiological difference in plants

unlimited scheme of growth
non-motile and must rely on immediate nutrient sources
use large amounts of oxygen
conserve nitrogen
transports fluids/food through vascular tissues
Grow throughout their entire lifetime

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Physiological difference in animals

limited
can move around
give off CO2
Gives off nitrogen as waste
Bloodstream
Reaches a certain stage and growth more or less stops

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What are physiologists studying?

how these parts work together to allow organisms to perform their normal behaviors and respond to their environment

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Physiologists (1)____, learn about the (2)_____, and (3)_____ the function of the animal.

design experiments
control and regulation of processes within groups of cells
how the combined activities of these cell groups affect

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He is a French physiologist and the father of modern physiology

CLAUDE BERNARD (1813-1878)

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What did Claude Bernard discover?

The “milieu interieur” or the “bodily fluids”

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What did Claude Bernard observe?

observed that the internal environment remains remarkably constant despite changing conditions in the external environment.

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Claude described homeostasis as ?

“Constancy of the internal environment is the condition of free life”

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Claude Bernard observed the ability of animals to?

survive in often stressful and varying environments directly reflects their ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

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Walter Cannon (1871-1945)

an American physiologist coined the term homeostasis to describe this stable internal environment in 1932

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How did Walter Cannon described homeostasis?

stable internal environment

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Walter Cannon described the … ?

extended notion of internal consistency to the organization and function of cells, tissues and organs

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TWO THEMES OF PHYSIOLOGY

Integration
Homeostasis

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What is homeostasis according to Walter Cannon?

tendency towards internal stability (1929 – Nobel Prize)

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The evolution of homeostasis and the physiological systems that maintain it were?

essential factors in allowing animals to venture from relatively “physiologically friendly” environments and invade habitats more hostile to life processes.

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TWO THEMES OF PHYSIOLOGY

 Integration
 Homeostasis

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 Research levels from whole body, to organs, tissues, cells, organelles, and genes

integrative physiology

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Examples that systems don’t work alone

 The respiratory system takes in oxygen and removes waste gases.
 The cardiovascular system is responsible for delivering the oxygen to all parts of our bodies.

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examples of organ interrelationships

 Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood
 Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems

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Hierarchy of biological systems

molecule
organelle
cell and tissue
d. organ

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4 types of tissues

connective tissue
muscle tissue
nerve tissue
epithelial tissue

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 Binds together or supports cells, other tissues/organs

connective tissue

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 Contracts on stimulation  Movement, posture and heat production

muscle tissue

 Conducts nerve impulses throughout the body

nerve tissue

 Covers all body surfaces; lines all cavities; forms glands  Protective barrier against the environment

epithelial tissue

Enumerate the 11 major organ systems

 Digestive  Urinary  Reproductive  Nervous  Endocrine  Integumentary  Skeletal  Muscular  Circulatory  Lymphatic  Respiratory

Unifying themes of physiological processes are regulated to ______

1. maintain internal conditions and trigger an appropriate response physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype 2. which arises as the product of the genetic make-up, or genotype 3. and its interaction with the environment.

5 Subdisciplines of Physiology

1. comparative physiology 2. environmental physiology 3. evolutionary physiology 4. developmental physiology 5. cell physiology

species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns

comparative physiology

examines organisms in the context of the environments they inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)

environmental physiology

techniques are used to understand the evolution of organisms from physiological viewpoint, focusing on physiological markers rather than anatomic markers

evolutionary physiology

how physiological processes unfold during the organism development from embryo through larva or fetus to adulthood

developmental physiology

vital information on the physiology of the cells themselves, which can be used to understand the physiological responses of tissues, organs, and organ systems

cell physiology

What is comparative physiology?

species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns

What is environmental physiology?

examines organisms in the context of the environments they inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)

What is evolutionary physiology?

techniques are used to understand the evolution of organisms from physiological viewpoint, focusing on physiological markers rather than anatomic markers

Physiology of an organism is very well matched to the environment it occupies, thereby ensuring its survival

Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation

What is developmental physiology?

how physiological processes unfold during the organism development from embryo through larva or fetus to adulthood

What is cell physiology?

vital information on the physiology of the cells themselves, which can be used to understand the physiological responses of tissues, organs, and organ systems

evolution through natural selection leading to an organism whose physiology, anatomy, and behavior are matched to the demands of its environment

adaptation

5 Central themes in physiology

1. structure/function relationship 2. adaptation, acclimatization. and acclimation 3. homeostasis 4. control systems 5. conformity and regulations

What does function/structure relationship mean?

1. Form fits function at all the levels of life, from molecules to organisms 2. Knowledge of a structure provides insight into what it does and how it works 3. Conversely, knowing the function of a structure provides insight about its construction

5 Examples of structure-function relationship

 in the aerodynamic efficiency in the shape of bird wing.  A honeycombed internal structure produces light but strong bones.  The flight muscles are controlled by neurons that transmit signals between the wings and brain.  Ample mitochondria provide the energy to power flight.  Phenotypic plasticity

a physiological process is adaptive ??

present at high frequency in the population because it results in a higher probability of survival and reproduction than alternative processes.

genetically based, passed on from generation to generation (DNA) and constantly shaped and maintained by natural selection.

physiological and anatomic adaptations

a physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal during its life that results from an animal’s chronic exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally occurring environmental condition

Acclimatization

refers to the same process as acclimatization when the changes are induced experimentally in the laboratory or in the wild by an investigator

acclimation

example of acclimatization

animal in migrate to high altitude

example of acclimation

animal placed in hypobaric chamber

The tendency of organisms to regulate and maintain relative internal stability

homeostasis

3 definitions of Homeostasis

1. DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM 2. IN SPITE OF MULTIPLE STIMULI 3. MAINTAINED BY NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

homeostasis

Variables in Homeostasis

1. stimulus 2. reception 3. input 4. output 5. response

What systems regulate homeostasis?

Endocrine and nervous

antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis

insulin and glucagon

the pancreas has clusters of endocrine cells called

islets of Langerhans

blood glucose level increase

beta cells release insulin

blood glucose level decrease

glucagon

diabetes mellitus: high blood sugar levels – sugar excreted in the urine

hyperinsulinism

 autoimmune disorder  usually appears in childhood  treatment: insulin injections

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent)

 usually due to target cells having a decreased responsiveness to insulin  usually occurs after age 40 – risk increases with age  accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases

Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent diabetes)

animals can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity

euryhaline

opposite of euryhaline, survive shortly

stenohaline

Some aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds lose almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state

anhydrobiosis

BASIC COMPONENTS OF A HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL SYSTEM (3)

Receptor Control Center effector

detects changes (stimuli) in the body.

receptor

A __ __ determines a set point for a normal range.

control center

causes the response determined by the control center

effector

regulatory processes that maintain homeostasis in the cells and multicellular organisms depend on feedback

control systems

return of information to a controller that regulates a controlled variable

feedback

A regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change.

negative feedback

enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that activity is accelerated

positive feedback

example of positive feedback

 Break or tear in blood vessel wall  Clotting occurs as platelets adhere to site and release chemicals  Released chemical attract more platelets

examples of conformers

osmoconformers and oxyconformers

environmental challenges induce internal body changes that simply parallel the external conditions (unable to maintain homeostasis)

conformers

when an organism is confronted with changes in its environment (e.g. changes in oxygen availability or salinity), it can respond in one or two ways: __ or ____

conformity and regulation

biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and other mechanisms to regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environmental changes (maintain homeostasis)

regulators

is based largely on the controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment

osmoregulation

maintain ion concentrations of body fluids above environmental levels when placed in dilute water vice versa

osmoregulators

1. Homeostasis Flashcards

(81 cards)