3. Chemical Signals in Animals

Question 1

2 Regulatory Mechanisms

Answer 1

A. nervous system
B. Endocrine System

Question 2

conveys high-speed
electrical signals along specialized cells
called neurons; these signals regulate
other cells

Answer 2

nervous system

Question 3

nervous system

Answer 3

conveys high-speed
electrical signals along specialized cells
called neurons; these signals regulate
other cells

Question 4

secretes hormones
that coordinate slower but longer-acting
responses including reproduction,
development, energy metabolism, growth,
and behavior

Answer 4

endocrine system

Question 4

endocrine system

Answer 4

secretes hormones
that coordinate slower but longer-acting
responses including reproduction,
development, energy metabolism, growth,
and behavior

Question 4

chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body

Answer 4

Animal Hormones

Question 5

Animal hormones are _____ that are ______and within _____

Answer 5

1. chemical signals
2. secreted into the
   circulatory system
3. communicate
   regulatory messages
4. the body

Question 6

Hormones reach all parts of the body,
but _____

Answer 6

only target cells are equipped to respond

Question 7

Insect metamorphosis is regulated by

Answer 7

hormones

Question 8

Vertebrate Endocrine System

Answer 8

Exocrine glands
Endocrine Glands

Question 9

secrete chemicals into ducts and the effect is where the duct empties

Answer 9

Exocrine glands

Question 10

secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into the blood for distribution throughout the animal’s body and bind to specific hormone receptors

Answer 10

endocrine glands

Question 10

Example of exocrine glands

Answer 10

sweat glands - sweat (evaporative cooling)

Question 11

Who experimented the effects of hormones?

Answer 11

Arnold Adolph Berthold (1849)

Question 12

5 Pathways

Answer 12

1. Notch signaling pathways
2. hedgehog signaling
3. Canonical pathway
4. Wnt signaling pathway
5. non-canonical pathway

Question 12

Human development is regulated by

Answer 12

various signaling pathways

Question 13

Hormones and signaling molecules bind to ____ triggering ______

Answer 13

target receptors
specific response pathways

Question 13

What signaling pathways are activated in human development?

Answer 13

specific chemical signaling molecules

Question 14

What concept is
hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways

Answer 14

Target Cell concept

Question 15

Elaborate target cell concept

Answer 15

• Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways
• Chemical signals bind to receptor proteins on target cells
• Only target cells respond to the signal

Question 16

Paracrine Signaling

Answer 16

1.Autocrine Signaling
2.Synaptic Signaling

Question 17

chemical signals bind to

Answer 17

receptor proteins on target cells

Question 18

What responds to the signals in this concept?

Answer 18

target cells

Question 18

secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body. Relatively slow.

Answer 18

endocrine signaling

Question 19

Endocrine signaling type

Answer 19

neuroendocrine signaling

Question 19

Intercellular Communication

Answer 19

1. endocrine signaling 2. paracrine signaling 3. direct signaling

Question 19

for some signals to be received, the cells must be in direct contact.

Answer 19

direct signaling

Question 20

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them

Answer 20

autocrine signaling

Question 20

Direct signaling examples

Answer 20

1. juxtacrine signaling 2. signaling through gap junctions 3. signaling through plasmodesmata

Question 21

how does direct signaling work

Answer 21

interacting membrane proteins on two different cells, or through special cell-cell junctions.

Question 21

neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses

Answer 21

Neuroendocrine signaling

Question 21

types of secreted signaling molecules

Answer 21

o Local regulators o Neurotransmitters o Neurohormones o Pheromones o Hormones

Question 21

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells. Quick response.

Answer 21

paracrine

Question 21

neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissues

Answer 21

synaptic/neuronal signaling

Question 21

what is local regulators

Answer 21

chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion

Question 21

chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion

Answer 21

local regulators

Question 22

function of local regulators

Answer 22

help regulate blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction

Question 22

2 types of local regulators

Answer 22

paracrine autocrine

Question 22

signals act on cells near the secreting cell

Answer 22

paracrine

Question 22

signals act on the secreting cell itself

Answer 22

autocrine

Question 22

LC: proteins and polypeptides that stimulate cell proliferation

Answer 22

growth factors

Question 22

plays role in immune responses

Answer 22

cytokines

Question 23

acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted by neurons, kills bacteria when secreted by WBC, dilates the walls of blood vessels if by endothelial cells

Answer 23

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Question 23

the mechanism of erection of penis involves the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 23

release of nitric oxide (NO) in the corpus cavernosum

Question 23

enhances the effect of NO by inhibiting PDE5

Answer 23

sildenafil

Question 23

modified fatty acids, secreted by the placenta stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth

Answer 23

prostaglandins (PGs)

Question 23

secreted by neurons at many synapses, diffuse a very short distance

Answer 23

neurotransmitters

Question 23

bind receptors on target cells, play a role in sensation, memory, cognition, and movement

Answer 23

neurotransmitters

Question 23

example of NT

Answer 23

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 23

secreted by neurosecretory cells, diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream

Answer 23

Neurohormones

Question 23

NH: increases water permeability of kidney’s collecting ducts

Answer 23

ADH (Vasopressin)

Question 23

chemical signals that are released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species

Answer 23

pheromones

Question 23

chemicals that transfer information and instructions between cells in animals and plants

Answer 23

Hormones

Question 23

Function of Hormones (5)

Answer 23

1. regulate growth and development 2. control the function of various tissues 3. support reproductive functions 4. regulate metabolism 5. slow acting but long lasting

Question 23

chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body

Answer 23

animal hormones

Question 24

Hormones reach

Answer 24

all parts of the body, but only target cells have receptors for that hormone

Question 24

loop inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus, thus preventing excessive pathway activity

Answer 24

Negative Feedback

Question 24

Negative Feedback loop example in secretin signaling

Answer 24

1. low pH in duodenum 2. S cells of duodenum 3. Secretin 4. released to pancreatic cells 5. bicarbonate release

Question 25

reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response

Answer 25

Positive feedback

Question 25

Positive feedback example

Answer 25

1. stimulus 2. sensory neuron 3. hypothalamus/PP 4. neurosecretory cell 5. neurohormone 6. target cells 7. response

Question 25

The same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have

Answer 25

1. Different receptors for the hormone 2. Different signal transduction pathways 3. Different proteins for carrying out the response

Question 26

different ____ in different cells can lead to different responses to the same signal

Answer 26

Signal-transduction pathways

Question 26

3 major classes of molecule function as hormones

Answer 26

1. Polypeptides (proteins and peptides) 2. Amines derived from amino acids 3. Steroid hormones

Question 26

water soluble hormones?

Answer 26

polypeptides and amines

Question 26

lipid-soluble hormones?

Answer 26

steroid hormones and other largely non-polar hormones

Question 26

example of water-soluble

Answer 26

insulin and epinephrine

Question 27

example of lipid-soluble hormones

Answer 27

cortisol and thyroxine

Question 27

hormones are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors

Answer 27

water-soluble

Question 28

Water-soluble bindings

Answer 28

bind to receptors in the plasma membranes of the target cells

Question 29

____ has multiple effects in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress

Answer 29

epinephrine

Question 29

_______ hormones diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells

Answer 29

Lipid-soluble

Question 29

lipid-soluble bindings

Answer 29

bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cells

Question 30

response is usually a change in gene expression

Answer 30

lipid soluble hormones

Question 30

binds to its cytosolic receptor, a hormone-receptor complex forms that moves into the nucleus

Answer 30

steroid hormone

Question 30

acts as a transcriptional regulator of specific target genes

Answer 30

receptor part of the complex

Question 31

Pathway of lipid-soluble hormones

Answer 31

1. LS hormone diffuses to plasma membrane 2. binds with receptor, hormone-receptor complex 3. complex enters the nucleus and trigger transcription 4. transcribed mRNA translated into proteins

Question 31

3 events of signaling of hormones

Answer 31

1. reception 2. signal transduction 3. response

Question 32

detection of a signal in the environment

Answer 32

response

Question 32

activating series of proteins inside the cell

Answer 32

signal transduction

Question 33

change in behavior that occurs inside the cell

Answer 33

response

Question 33

clearance of hormones from plasma include:

Answer 33

1. metabolic destruction 2. binding with the tissues 3. excretion by the liver into the bile 4. excretion by the kidneys into the urine

Question 34

2 factors influencing hormone conc in the blood

Answer 34

1. rate of hormone secretion into the blood 2. rate of removal of the hormone from the blood