1. Intro

Question 1

Nervous system functions

Answer 1

1. Control
2. Regulate
3. Communicate

Question 2

NS Systems

Answer 2

1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Associational

Question 3

CNS

Answer 3

Brain and spinal cord

Question 4

PNS

Answer 4

Somatic: cranial and spinal nerves, and their branches

Autonomic: SNS, PNS, Enteric NS

Question 5

Unipolar neuron

Answer 5

• somatosensory
• only type that sends info both ways

Question 6

Bipolar neuron

Answer 6

• rare in adults
• special sensory

Question 7

Multipolar neuron

Answer 7

• most common
• motor

Question 8

Afferent signals from receptors to CNS

Answer 8

Sensory Neurons

Question 9

Special Sensory

Answer 9

vision, auditory, equilibrium, gustatory

Question 10

Viscerosensory

Answer 10

unconscious transmission from interoceptors to subcortical CNS

Question 11

Somatosensory

Answer 11

conscious transmission from skin, muscle, & joint receptors to cortex

Question 12

Motor neurons

Answer 12

Efferent signals from CNS to effectors

Question 13

Somatomotor

Answer 13

• CNS to skeletal muscle
• Voluntary contractions

Question 14

Autonomic motor

Answer 14

• CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
• Involuntary contractions

Question 15

Associative neurons
- found in the brain and spinal cord
- connected sensory and motor, mediate function

Answer 15

Interneurons

Question 16

Reflex

Answer 16

Unidirectional, rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus

Question 17

Reflex arc

Answer 17

The neural pathway that controls a reflex

Question 18

Types of reflexes

Answer 18

Somatic – skeletal muscles
Autonomic – smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Question 19

The Myotatic Reflex

Answer 19

For an agonist to contract, the antagonist needs to relax

(Diagram in notes)

Question 20

• flexor reflex + crossed extension reflex (at the same time)

Flexor reflex: painful stimulus -> sensory receptor -> sensory neuron -> interneurons -> motor neurons -> excitation of flexors, inhibition of extensors

Crossed extension reflex : painful stimulus -> sensory receptor -> sensory neuron -> interneurons CROSS midline -> motor neurons -> excitation of extensor, inhibition of flexors

Answer 20

Flexor Withdrawl Refle

Question 21

Neuron support cells: 10 for every neuron, 66% brain mass

CNS : Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia

PNS: Schwann cells, satellite cells

Answer 21

Glial cells

Question 23

• CNS version of satellite cells
• Support cells: physical, protective, nutritional, regulatory
• BBB
• assist with repair of CNS lesions
• impact neurotransmitter activity

Answer 23

Astrocytes

Question 24

• CNS myelin creation
• One can myelinate multiple axons

Answer 24

Oligodendrocytes

Question 25

- line ventricle and central canal walls, forming choroid Plexus - produce CSF, facilitate exchange

Answer 25

Ependymal cells

Question 26

- macrophages of the CNS - remove foreign bodies – need sleep - protect against infection

Answer 26

Microglia

Question 27

- PNS myelin creation - multiple cells required to myelinate one axon

Answer 27

Schwann cells

Question 28

 specialized point of functional contact between neurons or between a neuron and target organ

Answer 28

The synapse

Question 29

1. Presynaptic nerve terminal. 2. postsynaptic element. (dendrite, cell body, or target cell) 3. Synaptic cleft (chemical)

Answer 29

Synapse components

Question 30

- axodendritic (most common) - axosomatic - axoaxonic - dendrodendritic

Answer 30

Synapse methods

Question 31

___ & ___ synapsis function is connections between neighboring neurons

Answer 31

Electrical and chemical

Question 32

- bidirectional - tight junctions - gap junctions: large pores for access - fast communication (esps short latency, not magnified) - less common

Answer 32

Electrical synapse

Question 33

- greater distance between neurons (synaptic cleft) - receptor specific communication - slower, more steps

Answer 33

Chemical synapse

Question 34

- ionotropic: ligand-gated ion channels - fast, shorter effect - metabotrophic: g-protein coupled receptors - slow, longer effect - ligand activation - agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist, neuromodulators - channel openings lead to postsynaptic potentials

Answer 34

Neurotransmitter receptors

Question 35

Depolarize, increase sodium, increase postsynaptic potentials

Answer 35

EPSPs

Question 36

Hyperpolarized, increase calcium, decrease postsynaptic potentials

Answer 36

IPSPs

Question 37

Action potential trigger zone

Answer 37

Axon hillock

Question 38

Temporal summation Spatial summation

Answer 38

Synaptic integration

Question 39

Unmyelinated conduction

Answer 39

Continuous conduction

Question 40

Myelinated conduction, variation conduction velocity dependent on : fiber diameter, myelin, PNS fiber classification

Answer 40

Saltatory conduction