1 INTRO Flashcards
1
Q
Where does the esophagus enter the diaphragm?
A
T10
2
Q
Where does the Esophagus end?
A
At cardia of the stomach, T11
3
Q
The esophagus passes close to ______
A
The trachea and left side of heart
4
Q
Can problems with the esophagus cause problems with the heart?
A
YES - Eating something too hot can sometimes feel like pain close to or in the heart or throat
5
Q
The esophagus is surrounded at the top and bottom by 2 muscular rings, what are they?
A
The upper esophageal sphincter and lower
6
Q
What lines the esophagus ?
A
Has a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial lining which protects the esophagus from trauma
7
Q
What does the submucosa of the esophagus secrete?
A
Mucus from mucous glands which aids the passage of food down the esophagus
8
Q
What is the lumen of the esophagus surrounded by?
A
Layers of muscle
9
Q
The lumen of the esophagus has muscles, what types of muscles are in these?
A
- Voluntary in TOP 1/3rd (striated) - Involuntary in the BOTTOM 1/3rd (smooth muscle) - The MIDDLE 1/3rd containing a mixture of BOTH
10
Q
What shape is the stomach?
A
J-Shaped with 2 openings 1). Esophageal 2). Duodenal
11
Q
What are the 4 major regions of the stomach?
A
Fundus, Cardia, Stomach Body, Pylorus
12
Q
What does the fundus collect?
A
Digestive gases
13
Q
What does the body of the stomach secrete?
A
Pepsinogen and Hydrochloric acid
14
Q
The pylorus is responsible for _____
A
Production of mucus, hormone gastrin, and pepsinogen secretion
15
Q
The glandular tissue within the stomach mucosa account for secretion of various substances, what are they?
A
1). Parietal cells 2). Chief (zymogen) cells 3). Enteroendocrine cells (G cells)
16
Q
What do parietal cells secrete?
A
Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
17
Q
What do chief (zymogen) cells secrete?
A
Pepsinogen
18
Q
What do enteroendocrine cells (G-cells) secrete?
A
Hormone gastrin
19
Q
The stomach wall contains 3 layers of involuntary smooth muscles which aid digestion by physically breaking up the food particles, what are they?
A
- Inner oblique layer 2. Circular layer 3. Outer longitudinal layer
20
Q
What are the 5 major functions of the stomach?
A
- Preliminary digestion of protein with pepsin 2. Temporary food storage 3. Control of the rate at which food enters the duodenum 4. Acid secretion and antibacterial action 5. Fluidsation of stomach content
21
Q
What are the 3 main sections of the small intestine?
A
- Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
22
Q
The small intestine is the site where the most of _____ is carried out?
A
Chemical and mechanical digestion and where virtually all of the absorption of useful material is carried out
23
Q
What is the wall of the small intestine lined with?
A
An absorptive type of mucosa, with certain modifications of each intestine
24
Q
What does the wall of the small intestine have as far as muscles?
A
2 layers of smooth muscles, rhythmical contractions of which move products of digestion through the intestine (peristalsis)
25
The duodenum is the \_\_\_\_\_
FIRST of 3 parts of the intestine
26
What is the duodenum attached to?
The pylorus of the stomach
27
How long is the Duodenum?
25-30 cm long (12 fingers length), C - Shaped, and is located in upper abdomen
28
What lies in the C shape of the duodenum?
Pancreas
29
What are the 4 subdivisions of the duodenum?
1. Superior part 2. Descending part 3. Horizontal part 4. Ascending part
30
Where does the superior part of the duodenum lie?
It lies intraperitoneally and is enlarged proximally (duodenal bulb)
31
The descending part and the rest of the duodenum is \_\_\_\_\_\_
Retroperitoneally
32
How do the pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter the descending duodenum through the \_\_\_\_\_
Major duodenal papilla - Hepatopancreatic ampulla (= ampulla of Vater)
33
The second part (descending) of the duodenum also can contain the \_\_\_\_\_
Minor duodenal papilla
34
What is the entrance for the accessory pancreatic duct?
The minor duodenal papilla (Papilla of Santorini)
35
Where does the Horizontal part of the duodenum pass?
In front of the inferior vena cava, abdominal aorta and the vertebral column, runs from right to left.
36
Where does the horizontal duodenum locate?
Retroperitoneally
37
How does the Ascending part of the Duodenum run?
Cranially along the left side of the vertebral column
38
What is special about the ascending part of the duodenum?
It joins with the jejunum
39
Where is the ascending part of the duodenum located?
Retroperitoneally
40
What are the main functions of the duodenum?
- neutralizing of acidic gastric content - further digestion - absorption of nutrients - regulation of the rate of gastric emptying
41
How does the duodenum neutralize acidic gastric content?
Brunner’s glands
42
Where are Brunner’s glands?
They are found in the duodenum only, locate in its submucosa.
43
What do Brunner’s glands secrete?
An alkaline mucus which neutralizes the chyme and protects the surface of the duodenum
44
What are the jejunum and ileum?
The greatly coiled parts of the small intestine, and together are about 4-6 meters long
45
What is special about the mucosa of the jejunum and ileum?
It is highly folded (folds are called plicae) and increase surface area for absorption
46
What are the characteristics of the Jejunum?
- Less complex arterial arcades - Longer Vasa Recta - More plicae circulares, thicker, more highly folded - No fat in mesentery
47
What are the characteristics of the Ileum?
- More complex arterial arcades - Shorter Vasa Recta - Less Plicae circulates, thinner less folded - Fat present in mesentery
48
In the jejunum and ileum, the epithelial surface of plicae is further folded to form \_\_\_\_\_\_
Villi
49
In the Jejunum and ileum the surface of each villus is covered by what?
MICROVILLI, to maximize surface area, and thus area available for absorption
50
The mucosa of the large intestine consists of 2 types of epithelial cells, what are they?
- Cells specializing for water absorption - Mucus producing goblet cells (they also locate in the small intestine)
51
The large intestine contains areas of lymphoid tissue called \_\_\_\_\_\_
Peyer’s patches
52
What do Peyer’s patches do?
They are also found in the distal part of ileum. - Peyer’s patches provide local immunological protection
53
What is the 2nd largest organ in the human body?
LIVER
54
During development, what does the liver do?
The liver size increases with increasing age, averaging 5 cm span at 5 years and attaining adult size by age 15
55
What does the liver’s size depends on?
Several factors: age, sex, body size
56
How much does a liver have to be to be considered abnormal?
2 - 3 cm larger or smaller
57
What are the 4 distinct lobes of the liver?
- Left - Right - Caudate - Quadrate
58
What is the Pancreas?
An endocrine organ that lies in the specifically the upper left abdomen
59
Where is the pancreas?
It is found behind the stomach, with the head of the pancreas surrounded by the duodenum
60
How long is the Pancreas?
About 15 cm (6in) long
61
What is the Pancreas divided into, anatomically?
- head - body - tail - neck
62
Where is the head of the Pancreas?
Rests within the con cavity of the duodenum
63
Where does the body of the Pancreas lie?
Lying behind base of stomach
64
Where does the tail of the Pancreas lie?
Which ends abutting the spleen
65
Where does the neck of the pancreas lie?
Lies between the body and the head, anterior to the superior mesentery artery and vein
66
What are the 2 ducts of the pancreas?
The main pancreatic duct, and the accessory pancreatic duct
67
What are the 2 roles of the Pancreas?
1. Internal Hormonal Role (endocrine) 2. External Digestive Role (Exocrine)
68
What are the 4 main cells in the islets of the Pancreas (Internal Hormonal Role)?
1. A (alpha) cells 2. B (beta) cells 3. Delta cells 4. Gamma cells
69
What do alpha cells of the pancreas secrete?
Glucagon (increases glucose in blood)
70
What do Beta cells of the pancreas secrete?
Insulin (decreases glucose in blood)
71
What do Delta cells secrete?
Somatostatin (regulates function of alpha and beta cells)
72
What do gamma cells secrete?
Pancreatic Polypeptide
73
What does the Pancreas secrete?
Pancreatic fluid that contains digestive enzymes
74
What do the external pancreas enzymes do?
Enzymes help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the chyme
75
How many pairs of salivary glands are there?
3, and they secrete up to ONE liter of saliva a day
76
What are the 3 Salivary glands?
1. Parotid - Lie just below and in front of the ear near the jaw 2. Submandibular 3. Sublingual
77
What does Saliva contain?
- 98% water - mucus - salivary amylas - electrolytes - the proteins, mucin, lysozyme, and IgA
78
What does the stomach wall contain?
- Parietal cells - Chief cells - G cells
79
What do Parietal cells produce?
Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
80
What do chief cells secrete?
Pepsinogen
81
What do G cells secrete ?
Gastrin
82
What is the flow of GI tract Stomach phys?
1. Food 2. G-cells 3. Gastrin 4. Hydrochloric Acid 5. Pepsinogen (non active) 6. Pepsin (active) 7. Digestion of proteins
83
What are the substances the stomach absorbs?
Alcohol, meds, and water
84
What are the main things the small intestine digests?
Carbs, proteins, fats
85
What do Duodenal mucosal cells do in the small intestine?
Produce and release hormones secretin and cholecystokinin
86
What is secretin associated with?
Pancreatic juice
87
What is cholecystokinin associated with?
Bile from liver and gallbladder and pancreatic enzymes
88
What are the enzymes from the small intestine that digest protein?
- Chymotrypsin - Trypsin - Carboxypeptidase - Elastase (Breaks down short chain peptides to AA)
89
How does fat digestion in the small intestine occur?
Bile from the liver and gallbladder emulsifies fat, and then lipase (from pancreas) breaks down fat to fatty acids and glycerol
90
What is the sequence of fat digestion in the small intestine?
1. Liver and Gallbladder 2. Bile 3. Fat 4. Emulsification 5. Pancreas 6. Lipase 7. Emulsified fat 8. Free fatty acids and glycerol
91
What is the process of carb digestion in small intestine?
Pancreatic amylase finishes the breaking down of carbs to simple sugars
92
What are the small intestine enzymes?
Maltese, Sucrase, Lactase
93
What does Maltese break down into?
2 glucose molecules
94
What does sucrase break down to?
glucose and fructose
95
What does lactase break down to?
Glucose and galactose
96
What are the substance absorbed in the Duodenum of small intestine?
- Iron - Vitamins A and B1 - Calcium - Glycerol - Fatty acids, monoglycerides - Amino acids - Monosaccharides and disaccharides
97
Where are most of the nutrients absorbed?
Jejunum
98
Where is vit B12 and bile salts absorbed ?
Terminal ileum
99
Large intestine absorbs \_\_\_\_\_
Water and electrolytes (The large intestine eliminates drier residues as feces)
100
What does the liver produce?
- Bile - Albumins - Lipoprotiens - Clotting factors (prothrombin and fibrinogen) - Angiotensinogen
101
What is the normal Bilirubin Pathway?
1. RBC 2. Spleen (lysis) 3. Globulin and Heme 4. Iron and Porphyrin Ring 5. Biliverdin 6. Bilirubin 7. Bilirubin + Albumin = Unconjugated (indirect, non-H2O soluble) 8. Blood 9. In Liver 10. Albumin and Bilirubin + Glucuronic acid - Conjugated (direct, H20 soluble) 11. To gallbladder
102
Does the Liver digest?
Yes, due to the production of bile
103
What is bile?
A mixture of water, bile salts, cholesterol, the pigment bilirubin
104
What does the Liver store?
- Vitamins A, D, B12, K, and E - Glycogen - Iron - Copper
105
What does the Liver do to Detox?
- Converts ammonium to urea - breaks down insulin and other hormones - breaks down toxic substances
106
Does the Liver function to help with Immunity?
Yes, it contains Kupffer cells
107
What are Kupffer cells, and what do they do?
A fixed type of macrophage They play an important role by capturing and digesting bacteria, fungi, parasites, worn out blood cells, and cellular debris (Clean the large volumes of blood very fast)
108
What are the exocrine enzymes produced by the pancreas?
- Chymotrypsin - Trypsin - Carboxypeptidase - Elastase - Amylase - Lipase
109
What are the hormones the Pancreas produces?
- Insulin, Amylin - Glucagon - Somatostatin - Pancreatic Polypeptide
110
What are the actions of Amylin?
- Inhibits the secretion of glucagon - Slows emptying of the stomach - Sends a satiety signal to the brain
111
What does Glucagon do?
Increases glucose in blood, acts principally on the liver where it stimulates the conversion of: - Glycogen in glucose - Fat and protein into glucose
112
What are the functions of Somatostatin?
- Reduces the rate at which food is absorbed from the content of the intestines - regulates/stops alpha and beta functions
113
Pancreatic polypeptide ________ appetite?
REDUCES
