1: Intro to ANS

Question 1

ANS effects on eye

Answer 1

S: dilation of pupil
PS: constriction of pupil, contraction of ciliary muscle

Question 2

ANS effects on salivary glands

Answer 2

S: thick, viscous secretions
PS: copious, watery secretions

Question 3

ANS effects on trachea/ bronchi

Answer 3

S: dilation by adrenaline
PS: constriction

Question 4

ANS effects on heart

Answer 4

S: increased rate and contractility
PS: decrease rate and contractility

Question 5

ANS effects on the GI system

Answer 5

S: reduced motility, causes sphincter contraction
PS: increased motility and tone and increases secretions

Question 6

ANS effects on urinary sys and bladder

Answer 6

S: relaxes detrusor, constriction of trigone and sphincter
PS: contracts detrusor, relaxation of trigone and sphincter

Question 7

ANS effects on skin

Answer 7

S: increased sweating (cholinergic) and piloerection

Question 8

ANS effects on liver

Answer 8

S: gluconeogenesis, glycogeneolysis

Question 9

ANS effects on adipose

Answer 9

S: lipolysis

Question 10

ANS effects on kidney

Answer 10

S: increased renin secretion

Question 11

ANS effects on blood vessels

Answer 11

S: dilatation at skeletal muscles, constriction at skin, mucuous membranes and splanchnic area

Question 12

Which PS nerve drives gut secretions and motlity

Answer 12

vagus nerve

Question 13

Which limb of ANS dominates at rest to control basal HR

Answer 13

PS

Question 14

Structure of PS and its origin and NTs

Answer 14

Long pregang and short postgang fibres

Origin: craniosacral
NT: ACh for both pregang and postgang

Question 15

Structure of S and its origin and NTs

Answer 15

Short pregang and long postgang

Origin: thoracolumbar regions
NT: ACh pregang and NA postgang

Question 16

How does neural controlled secretions of adrenaline and NA from adrenal medulla work

Answer 16

Exception as has only 1 autonomic fibre innervating it and it acts as pregang, releasing ACh which binds receptors in adrenal medulla. It then releases A + NA into bloodstream

Question 17

All pregang fibres release…

Answer 17

ACh

Question 18

ENS: how it works

Answer 18

The sensory neuron is connected to mucosal chemoreceptors + stretch receptors. They detect chem substances in gut lume/tension in gut wall bc of food

2. Info is relayed to submucosal and myenteric plexus via interneurons
3. Motor neurons release ACh/substance P to contract SM/vasoactive intestinal peptide/NO to relax SM

Question 19

How is somatic NS diff

Answer 19

has only 1 motor neuron which releases ACh as NT and innervates skeletal muscle

Question 20

Which receptors does ACh bind to

Answer 20

Memb bound receptors: nicotinic + muscarinic

Question 21

Where are nicotinic receptors present

Answer 21

pregang

in all autonomic ganglia

Question 22

Nicotnic receptor properites (speed, stimulated by and type of receptor)

Answer 22

V fast, stimulated by ACh/nicotine, Type 1 ionotropic receptor

Question 23

How do nicotinic receptors work

Answer 23

ACh binds it, opens ion channel that allows Na/Ca influx = AP transmission

Question 24

Where are muscarinic receptors

Answer 24

postgang receptors in tissues innervated by PNS only

Question 25

Muscarinic receptor proerties (speed, stimulated by, and type of receptor)

Answer 25

V slow, stimulated by muscarine/ACh, type 2 G-protein coupled receptor.

Question 26

Subtype M1 receptor

Answer 26

neural control (forebrain - learning and memory)

Question 27

Subtype M2 receptor

Answer 27

``` cardiac control (brain inhibitory autoreceptors) inhibitory receptor ```

Question 28

Subtype M3 receptor

Answer 28

exocrine and SM control (hypothalamus - food intake)

Question 29

Where are adrenoreceptors found

Answer 29

at end of sympathetic NS at the effector organ innervated by postgang S fibers

Question 30

Adrenoreceptor properties (stimulated by, type of receptor)

Answer 30

Stimulated by NA and by circulating A produced by adrenal medulla, Type 2 g-protein coupled receptor

Question 31

how many subtypes of adrenoreceptors

Answer 31

4 alpha 1 alpha 2 beta 1 beta 2

Question 32

Via which receptors does SNS control vasculature

Answer 32

Alpha 1 constricts | Beta 2 dilates

Question 33

Biosynthesis of ACh

Answer 33

Acetyl Co A + Choline forms ACh + Co A, using choline acetyl transferase. ACh is then packaged into vesicles and released when stimulated

Question 34

Metabolism of ACH

Answer 34

ACH is broken down in the synapse via acetylcholine esterase to forme acetate _ choline.

Question 35

NA Biosynthesis

Answer 35

Dopamine is formed from tyrosine using tyrosine hydroxylase + DOPA decarboxylase. It is packaged into vesicles and converted to NA by dopamine beta hydroxylase. NA is then released when AP comes along and triggers Ca influx.

Question 36

NA Metabolism

Answer 36

Uptake 1: back into neuronal tissue, broken down using monoamine oxidase A ( MAO-A) Uptake 2: intro extraneuronal tissue, broken down using catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)