1. Intro to Immune Syst

Question 1

cells of the immune system in humans are produced form what?

Answer 1

stem cells present in the bone

Question 2

Inside the bone, there are _______ that secrete molecules to permit modulation of the cells produced from the hematopoetic stem cells.

Answer 2

osteoclasts, blood vessels, and stromal cells

Question 3

what cells give rise to all of the cells of the immune system?

Answer 3

hematopoietic stem cells

Question 4

the hematopoetic stem cells after division can produce plutipotent (multipotential) cells that can give rise to what two lineages?

Answer 4

myeloid or lymphoid

Question 5

what cells come from the lymphoid progenitor cells?

Answer 5

NK cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes

Question 6

what cells come from the myeloid progenitor cells?

Answer 6

RBCs, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, platelets, macrophages/monocytes, mast cells, dendritic cells

Question 7

what do hematopoietic stem cells divide into?

Answer 7

self renewing cell and mature cell (differentiated)

asymmetric after division

Question 8

granules in both eosinophils and basophils are _____ in nature.

Answer 8

pro-inflammatory

Question 9

basophils vs eosinophils re: infection type

Answer 9

basophils: immediate response (allergens)
eosinophils: parasitic infections

Question 10

what are PMNs?

Answer 10

neutrophils

Question 11

what do neutrophils do?

Answer 11

phagocytize

Question 12

what are the communication cells between the myeloid lineage and lymphoid lineage?

Answer 12

dendritic cells

Question 13

name the macrophage of these specific tissues:

1. CNS
2. liver
3. lung
4. bone

Answer 13

1. microglial cells
2. kupffer cells
3. alveolar macrophages
4. osteoclasts

Question 14

B cells vs T cells - which secretes Abs?

Answer 14

B cells

Question 15

what do helper T cells secrete?

Answer 15

cytokines

Question 16

T cells secrete cytokines through the function of what?

Answer 16

receptors (need a receptor for a cytokine to work)

Question 17

what are PRRs?

Answer 17

pattern recognition receptors

part of the innate immune system and what recognize microbes

multiple types:

• surface TLRs (sense cell wall characteristics like bacterial cell wall molecules, flagellin, etc)
• Endosomal TLRs (sense microbial nucleic acids/RNA in endosomes in an infected cell)
• cytoplasmic sensors (send bacterial peptidoglycans)

Question 18

what do PRRs recognize?

Answer 18

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

microbial associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)

Danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

Question 19

the result of a cell of the innate immune system recognizing a microbe is what?

Answer 19

production of IL-1, an activator of inflammation

Question 20

____ is synthesized an expressed on endothelial surfaces so that neutrophils and monocytes can enter the interstitium.

Answer 20

e-selectin

Question 21

what needs to be present for neutrophils and monocytes to enter the tissue via e-selectin?

Answer 21

IL1 and TNF

Question 22

if the infection is not cleared by innate immune system, what triggers the adaptive response?

Answer 22

dendritic cells

Question 23

dendritic cells bind microbes via receptors, and internalize and process peptides. the peptides are then expressed with what?

Answer 23

MHC (MHC class II) and the cell beocmes an antigen-presenting cell (APC)

Question 24

in the presence of _____, APCs lose their adhesiveness (no longer stuck in epithelium) and begin to migrate.

Answer 24

IL-1 and TNF

Question 25

migrating dendritic cells also increase expression of CCR7, which does what?

Answer 25

causes trafficking to the nearest lymph node

Question 26

what happens to APCs as they travel to the nearest lymph node?

Answer 26

activation (upregulate molecs = COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES important in activating other cells once they get to the lymph node)

Question 27

where in the lymph node do APCs first go?

Answer 27

T-cell zone

Question 28

what do T cells need to be activated?

Answer 28

binding of APC AND costimulator molecules (B7 on APC binds CD28 on T cell)

Question 29

How do T and B cells generate diversity?

Answer 29

gene rearrangement V, D, J genes to make heavy chain V and J for light chain

Question 30

how do you differentiate between immune cells?

Answer 30

surface markers and Ab stains

Question 31

what marker do all T cells have?

Answer 31

CD3+

Question 32

what marker do all B cells have?

Answer 32

MHC II, CD19

Question 33

what marker do all NK cells have?

Answer 33

Fc

Question 34

which cells neutralize microbes, phagocytize, and activate complement?

Answer 34

B cells

Question 35

what cells active macrophages, cause inflammation, and activate (proliferate and differentiate) T and B cells?

Answer 35

helper T cells

Question 36

what do cytotoxic T cells do?

Answer 36

kill infected cells

Question 37

what do regulatory T cells do?

Answer 37

suppress immune response

Question 38

what do NK cells do?

Answer 38

kill infected cells

Question 39

What do Th1 cells do?

Answer 39

make cytokines to help macrophages and CD8 responders

Question 40

what do Th2 cells do?

Answer 40

make Abs to facilitate neutralization and stimulate other cells

Question 41

what do Th17 cells do?

Answer 41

activate acute inflammation

Question 42

what causes differentiation of CD4+ cells?

Answer 42

microenvironment at time of differentiation

Question 43

how do we keep from responding to ourselves (re:immune response)?

Answer 43

tolerance central: thymus/bone - apoptosis - change in receptors (receptor editing in B cells) - Development of regulatory T lymphocytes (helper T cells only) peripheral: - anergy - apoptosis - suppression

Question 44

what are the two major categories of malfunction of innate immunity?

Answer 44

innate immunity cells don't work or can have perfect cells that can't get to the site of action (chemokin attractants not working properly)

Question 45

are innate or adaptive immunity receptor specificity inherited in the genome?

Answer 45

innate only

Question 46

are innate or adaptive immunity receptors expressed by all cells of a particular type (eg macrophages)?

Answer 46

innate

Question 47

do innate or adaptive immunity receptors trigger immediate response?

Answer 47

innate

Question 48

do innate or adaptive immunity receptors recognize broad classes of pathogen?

Answer 48

innate

Question 49

do innate or adaptive immunity receptors interact witha range of molecular structures of a given type?

Answer 49

innate

Question 50

are innate or adaptive immunity receptors encoded in multiple gene segments?

Answer 50

adaptive

Question 51

do innate or adaptive immunity receptors require gene rearrangement?

Answer 51

adaptive

Question 52

are innate or adaptive immunity receptors clonally distributed?

Answer 52

adaptive

Question 53

are innate or adaptive immunity receptors able to discriminate between even closely related molecular structures?

Answer 53

adaptive