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Oncology > 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Lineage - 2 main categories

A

Myeloid

Lymphoid

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2
Q

Lymphoid Malignancies - 2 main kinds

A

Blood - Leukemia

Nodes - Lymphoma

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3
Q

Growth Rate - 2 main categories

A

Indolent (Chronic)

Aggressive (Acute)

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4
Q

Maturity - 2 main kinds

A

Normal(ish)

Immature (Dysplastic)

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5
Q

3 important large concepts

A

Cell Lineage
Growth Rate
Maturity

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6
Q

Indolent Growth

A

Tend to look very similar to the normal cells they arose from. Won’t kill you right away.

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7
Q

Aggressive Growth

A

Cells look dysplastic. Don’t look like their cell of origin. Will kill you right away.

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8
Q

Process Flaws - 2 main categories

A

Proliferation (how quickly cells divide)

Maturation (how much the malignant cells resemble normal cells)

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9
Q

Multipotent Stem Cells give rise to

A

Myeloid Progenitors

Lymphoid Progenitors

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10
Q

Myeloid Progenitors give rise to

A

Myeloid Precursors
Erythroid Progenitors
Megakaryocytes

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11
Q

Megakaryocytes give rise to

A

Platelets

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12
Q

Erythroid Progenitors give rise to

A

Reticulocytes

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13
Q

Reticulocytes give rise to

A

Erythrocytes

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14
Q

Myeloid Precursors give rise to

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes

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15
Q

Monocytes give rise to

A

Macrophages

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16
Q

Hematologic malignancies - where is the genetic mutation?

A

In the Multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow.

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17
Q

Lymphoid Progenitors give rise to

A

T Cells
B Cells
Natural Killer Cells

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18
Q

B Cells give rise to

A

Plasma Cells

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19
Q

T Cell Malignancies - Indolent

A

Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma

Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia

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20
Q

T Cell Malignancies - Aggressive

A

T-ALL

Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma

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21
Q

B Cell Malignancies - Indolent

A

CLL

Follicular Lymphoma

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22
Q

B Cell Malignancies - Aggressive

A

B-ALL
Burkitts Lymphoma
DLBCL

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23
Q

Plasma Cell Malignancies

A

Multiple Myeloma

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24
Q

Normal Proliferation, Immature Maturation

A

MDS

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25
Increased Proliferation, | Immature Maturation
ALL AML High Grade Lymphomas (eg Burkitts and DLBCL)
26
Increased Proliferation, | Normal Maturation
``` CLL CML MPNs Multiple Myeloma Indolent Lymphomas ```
27
Prostate Cancer Rates
Haven't Changed
28
Lung Cancer Rates
Peaked in 1995, then came down with smoking cessation
29
Liver Cancer Rates
Haven't Changed
30
Gastric Cancer - Country
Japan - High | US - Low
31
Breast Cancer - Country
Japan - Low | US - High
32
Colon Cancer - Country
Japan - Low | US - High
33
Cancer Genetics - 2 Kinds of Mutation
``` Germ Line Mutations (Hereditary) Somatic Mutations (Acquired) ```
34
Cancer Genetics - Exposure & Lifestyle Factors
``` Tobacco Alcohol Obesity UV Exposure Infection ```
35
Common Inherited Genetic Abnormalities
FAP HNPCC Breast Cancer Li-Fraumeni
36
APC deletion (Chromosome 5) leads to
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) - Colon Cancer
37
DNA Repair Gene mutation (specifically the mismatch repair gene) leads to
Hereditary NonPolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) - Colon Cancer
38
BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 mutation leads to
Breast Cancer
39
TP53 mutation (Chromosome 17) leads to
Li-Fraumeni - Breast Cancer, Leukemia, Sarcoma
40
Environmental Carcinogens - Tobacco
Lung Cancer Head & Neck Cancer Bladder Cancer Pancreas Cancer
41
Environmental Carcinogens - Alkylating Agents
Leukemia | Bladder Cancer
42
Environmental Carcinogens - Asbestos
Lung Cancer Pleural Cancer Peritoneal Cancer
43
Environmental Carcinogens - Ultraviolet Light
Skin Cancer
44
Environmental Carcinogens - Ionizing Radiation
Leukemia Thyroid Cancer Sarcoma
45
Environmental Carcinogens - Hepatitis B/C
Liver Cancer
46
Environmental Carcinogens - HPV
Cervical Cancer Anal Cancer Oropharyngeal Cancer
47
Environmental Carcinogens - H. Pylori
Gastric Cancer
48
Path Morphology - 2 Categories
Benign | Malignant
49
Morphological Prognostic Features
Histology | Grade
50
Pathology - 3 Main Concerns
Morphology Mechanisms of metastasis Effect on organ function
51
Manifestations - Anatomy/Physiology
Growth at primary site Patterns of metastatic spread Remote or paraneoplastic effects
52
Routes of metastatic spread
Direct extension into adjacent tissues (Lung, Gynecologic) Lymphatic (Breast, Lung, Colorectal, Prostate) Hematogenous (Sarcomas, Kidney Cancer)
53
Common sites of metastasis
Brain (Lung, Breast, Melanoma) Lung (Breast, Colorectal, Sarcoma) Liver (Colorectal, Pancreatic, Breast, Lung) Bone (Breast, Lung, Kidney, Prostate)
54
Cancers that metastasize to bone
BLT with a Kosher Pickle: Breast Lung Thyroid with a Kidney Prostate
55
Complication of bone metastasis in the vertebral column
Cord Compression
56
Paraneoplastic or Remote Effects
Anorexia/Cachexia Syndrome Anemia Neurologic
57
Paraneoplastic - Anorexia / Cachexia Syndrome caused by
Interleukins | Cachectin/TNF
58
Paraneoplastic - Anemia
Anemia of chronic disease
59
Paraneoplastic - Cerebellar Atrophy
Small Cell Lung Cancer
60
Paraneoplastic - Eaton Lambert Syndrome
Small Cell Lung Cancer
61
Paraneoplastic - Hypercalcemia
PTHrP - Non small cell lung cancer
62
Paraneoplastic - Cushing's Syndrome
ACTH - Small Cell Lung Cancer
63
Paraneoplastic - Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Small Cell Lung Cancer
64
Treatment - Local
Surgery | Radiation
65
Treatment - Systemic Medical Treatment Condsiderations
Class of Agents Mechanisms of Action Effects Toxicities
66
Surgical Treatment - Pros & Cons
Pro - Removes Tumor Rapidly Con - No effect on distant disease Leaves microscopic cancer deposits Functional and cosmetic limits on the extent of resection
67
Radiation Treatment - Pros & Cons
Pro - Effective against microscopic tumors Con - No effect on distant disease Large tumor masses may not effectively be treated Damage to normal tissues within radiation field
68
Drug Treatment - Pros & Cons
Pro - Systemic Distribution Con - Often non-specific effects, can damage normal cells Large masses may contain resistant cells Drug delivery limited to some tissues (eg BBB)

Oncology (23 decks)

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