1. Introduction

Question 1

What does the CNS comprise of?

Answer 1

Brain

Spinal cord

Question 2

What are the 2 sub-divisions of the PNS?

Answer 2

Motor (effector)

Sensory (detects changes)

Question 3

What are the 2 sub-divisions of the motor PNS?

Answer 3

Autonomic: Regulates function of viscera: internal organs, smooth muscle, blood vessels
Somatic: controls motor and sensory function for the body wall e.g. skin, skeletal muscles

Question 4

What are the 2 arms of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 4

Sympathetic “fight or flight”

Parasympathetic “rest and digest”

Question 5

Efferent flow

Answer 5

Brain to periphery
CNS to PNS
Exit brain

Question 6

Afferent flow

Answer 6

Periphery to brain
PNS to CNS
Arrive to brain

Question 7

4 lobes of the brain + cerebellum

Answer 7

Frontal: personality, conscious decision making
Parietal: somatosensory cortex, sensory info from somatic PNS
Occipital: Visual cortex, seeing and processing
Temporal: Audariry, personality, fear and anxieties
Cerebellum: Fine motor skills

Question 8

What is under the cerebellum?

Answer 8

Brain stem

Contains centres that control HR, BP, breathing and feeding

Question 9

Where does the brainstem lead?

Answer 9

Spinal cord

Question 10

Why is the cortex highly folded?

Answer 10

To increase SA to increase number of neurones for processing info

Question 11

Corpus collosum

Answer 11

Fibre tract that allows for communication between the 2 hemispheres

Question 12

Pituitary gland

Answer 12

Endocrine organ

Secretes hormones

Question 13

What are the ridges and valleys of the brain?

Answer 13

Ridges= Gyri
Valleys= Sulci

Question 14

How many cranial nerves are there and what is their main function?

Answer 14

12

mainly control things to do with the face and neck

Question 15

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

ooh, ooh, ooh, to touch and feel very good velvet. such heaven

Answer 15

Olfactory I
Optic II
Oculomotor III
Trochlear IV
Trigeminal V
Abducens VI
Facial VII
Vestibulocochlear VIII
Glossopharyngeal IX
Vagus X
Accessory XI
Hypoglossal XII

Question 16

Give the functions of nerves I, II, III, and X

Answer 16

Olfactory I= Smell receptors
Optic II = Sight, transmits vision to back of brain
Oculomotor III= moving eyes
Vagus X= Longest cranial nerve, brain to gut, sensory and motor nerve (both efferent and afferent aspects). Involved in feeling full and HR

Question 17

What is the accessory nerve XI also known as?

Answer 17

Spinal accessory nerve

Question 18

3 Layers of the meninges

Answer 18

DURA MATER: Outside layer
ARACHNOID
PIA MATER

Question 19

What is the brain covered by?

Answer 19

3 layers of protective tissue

= The meninges

Question 20

What is found between the layers of the meninges?

Answer 20

Blood vessels

Question 21

Which nervous system are the dorsal and ventral roots emerging from the spinal cord part of?

Answer 21

PNS

Question 22

Grey matter

Answer 22

Site of neurone cell bodies, where processing occurs

Question 23

White matter

Answer 23

Site of axons of neurones

Question 24

Ventral horn

Answer 24

Info from CNS to body

=Efferent pathway

Question 25

Dorsal horn

Answer 25

Info from PNS to spinal cord | either reflexes in spinal cord or goes up to brain

Question 26

Describe axon packaging into nerves

Answer 26

Spinal nerves contain both afferent and efferent axons Bundled into fascicles surrounded by perineurium. Whole nerve is in a tough epineurium capsule. Individual axons are also wrapped with myelin and endoneurium

Question 27

Describe the process of an action potential

Answer 27

Voltage of -70mV inside cell Activation of a neural cell: influx of Na+ Changes relative voltage between inside and outside = Depolarisation (opening of voltage gated Na+ ion channels, allowing Na+ in)

Question 28

When are K+ channels opened?

Answer 28

+40 mV | Relative electrical charge decreases

Question 29

Name 5 neuroglia

Answer 29

``` Astrocytes Ogliodendrocytes Schwann cells Microglial cells Ependymal cells ```

Question 30

Function of astrocytes

Answer 30

Form blood-brain barrier Recycle neurotransmitters Foot like processes that wrap around blood vessels

Question 31

Function of microglia

Answer 31

Immune cells

Question 32

Name 2 myelin producing cells

Answer 32

Ogliodendrocytes | Schwann cells

Question 33

What are the differences in regenerative capacity between CNS and PNS?

Answer 33

Axons in PNS can regenerate after injury | Axons in CNS have limited regenerative capability

Question 34

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

Answer 34

Conveys fine touch, vibration and 2-point discrimination | Injury to this pathway will stop you from being able to physically feel things

Question 35

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway sides of body

Answer 35

Right side of brain senses info and controls left side of body (and vice-versa) Contralateral movement

Question 36

Spinothalamic pathway

Answer 36

Conveys pain and temperature sensation

Question 37

Spinothalamic pathway sides of body

Answer 37

Immediately switches side in spinal cord

Question 38

Motor pathways

Answer 38

Efferent pathways Precentral gyrus to Brain stem Switches to other side of nervous system Travel down spinal column on ipsilateral side of target (injury on 1 side of spinal cord effects organs on same side)

Question 39

What does injury to motor pathways cause?

Answer 39

Injure one side of spinal cord effects organs on same side

Question 40

What may injury to 1 side of the spinal cord result in?

Answer 40

E.g. damage on left side of cord | Able to feel sensation from contralateral side of body, but not feel pain or sense temperature on contralateral side

Question 41

Vestibulospinal tract

Answer 41

Receives input from vestibular system (inside ear) | Allows you to keep balance

Question 42

Vestibulospinal tract side of body

Answer 42

Ipsilateral: Goes down one side of body (doesn’t cross over)