1. Introduction to Web Programming

Question 1

____ was an early way for transferring files over the internet.

Answer 1

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

Question 2

A web ____ is a program that serves web pages to web browsers.

Answer 2

server

Question 3

What does HTML stand for?

Answer 3

HyperText Markup Language

Question 4

The ____ refers to the interconnection of computers communicating using a set of rules. The ____ is just one particular use of the previous entity.

Answer 4

internet, web

Question 5

A web ____ is a program that downloads an HTML document from a web server, displays the document to the user with the appropriate formatting, and allows the user to interact with the document.

Answer 5

browser

Question 6

Which browser won the first browser war (1995–2002)?

Answer 6

Internet Explorer

Question 7

Which browser won the second browser war (2004–2013)?

Answer 7

Chrome

Question 8

The ____ is the international standards organization that traditionally has controlled a number of web standards, including HTML

Answer 8

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

Question 9

What was the final HTML standard released by W3C?

Answer 9

HTML5

Question 10

In 2019, the W3C relinquished HTML standards publishing to the ____, an organization that develops a variety of web standards and whose members include the major browser vendors.

Answer 10

Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG)

Question 11

WHATWG produces the HTML ___, a continually evolving standard without version numbers that replaces HTML5.

Answer 11

Living Standard

Question 12

____ defines the content and structure of a web page

Answer 12

HTML

Question 13

____ specifies the layout and visible appearance of a web page

Answer 13

CSS

Question 14

____ describes the dynamic behaviors and actions of a webpage

Answer 14

JavaScript

Question 15

An internet ____ contains To and From IP addresses, the information to communicate, and other configuration information

Answer 15

packet

Question 16

A(n) ____ is a computer’s unique address on the internet (like a house’s unique address in the world), usually represented numerically like 198.51.100.7

Answer 16

IP address

Question 17

The original Internet Protocol, known as ____, has 32-bit addresses. A new version of the Internet Protocol, ____, uses 128-bit addresses.

Answer 17

IPv4, IPv6

Question 18

A(n) ____ converts a domain name to an IP address.

Answer 18

DNS server

Question 19

Thirteen main DNS servers (called ____ servers) exist in the world, and a computer’s operating system or an ISP keeps a reference to these servers’ IP addresses

Answer 19

root

Question 20

Anyone may register an unused domain name with a domain name ____

Answer 20

registrar

Question 21

A domain name belongs to numerous ____ domains, such as .com, .net, .org, etc.

Answer 21

top-level

Question 22

A ____ domain is typically a company or organization’s name, such as “wikipedia” in “wikipedia.com”

Answer 22

second-level

Question 23

A ____, which stands for ____ is the location of a web resource on the web, such as http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm

Answer 23

URL, Uniform Resource Locator

Question 24

A ____ is any retrievable item, like an HTML file, image, video, CSS stylesheet, etc.

Answer 24

web resource

Question 25

The characters at the beginning of a URL, followed by a colon (e.g., "http"), are called the ____

Answer 25

scheme

Question 26

The complete domain name following the scheme is called the ____.

Answer 26

hostname

Question 27

The characters to the right of the hostname (e.g., "/dashboard") in a URL are called the ____

Answer 27

path

Question 28

The ____ in a URL is the optional characters to the right of the question mark (?) in a URL that provide data for the web server

Answer 28

query string

Question 29

The ____ in a URL is the optional characters at the end of a URL that start with a hash character (#) and refer to a certain location within a webpage.

Answer 29

fragment

Question 30

A ____ status code returned by a server means that a particular page has not been found

Answer 30

404

Question 31

____ is the general name for a once valid link that now returns a 404 status code.

Answer 31

Linkrot

Question 32

The ____ is a networking protocol that runs over TCP/IP and governs communication between web browsers and web servers.

Answer 32

HyperText Transfer Protocol

Question 33

____ is a protocol suite that governs how data packets are transferred over the internet from one machine to another.

Answer 33

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

Question 34

Before HTTP communication begins, the web browser extracts the domain name from the URL being accessed and performs a ____. The web browser does this by sending the domain name to the local DNS and getting back the IP address of the web server hosting the domain name.

Answer 34

DNS lookup

Question 35

The browser uses the IP address received from the local DNS to establish a ____ connection with the web server and begins communicating with HTTP.

Answer 35

TCP

Question 36

What are the four parts that an HTTP request and response are comprised of?

Answer 36

1. Start line 2. Zero or more header fields 3. A blank line 4. Optional message body

Question 37

What does the start line in an HTTP header do?

Answer 37

It specifies the HTTP version being used.

Question 38

A header field is a ____ followed by a colon and a ____.

Answer 38

keyword, value

Question 39

The message body in an HTTP request/response contains ____ being transferred between a web browser and web server.

Answer 39

data

Question 40

When the media type is specified in the HTTP response, it is specified as a(n) ____ type, which includes a type (category) and a subtype (specific type), separated by a slash (e.g., "text/html")

Answer 40

MIME

Question 41

What are six common HTTP request methods?

Answer 41

GET HEAD POST PATCH PUT DELETE

Question 42

Which status code is sent when the web server wants to redirect the browser to a different URL?

Answer 42

301 or 302

Question 43

Which status code is sent when the requested URL does not point to an existing resource on the web server?

Answer 43

404

Question 44

Which status code is sent when the web browser is denied permission to the requested URL?

Answer 44

403

Question 45

Which status code indicates that the HTTP request was successful?

Answer 45

200

Question 46

Which status code represents an internal server error?

Answer 46

500

Question 47

A(n) ____ is an area on the computer's file system where web content can be stored by the web browser for quick retrieval later.

Answer 47

browser cache

Question 48

A(n) ____ is an identifier for a specific version of a web resource.

Answer 48

entity tag (Etag)

Question 49

____ is an HTTP request header used with the Last-Modified date/time to request the web server only send the requested resource if the resource has changed since the specified date/time.

Answer 49

If-Modified-Since

Question 50

____ is an HTTP request header that contains a date/time indicating when the requested resource is considered "stale"

Answer 50

Expires

Question 51

The ____ header is an HTTP request header that is used to specify a number of caching directives

Answer 51

Cache-Control

Question 52

A ____ is software that monitors network traffic and allows users to inspect HTTP requests and responses.

Answer 52

network sniffer

Question 53

____ encrypts HTTP traffic between a browser and web server so a network sniffer cannot intercept sensitive information in the HTTP traffic like passwords, credit card numbers, financial transactions, etc

Answer 53

HTTPS

Question 54

HTTPS uses a protocol called ____, which uses asymmetric public keys to encrypt data between the browser and web server

Answer 54

Transport Layer Security (TLS)

Question 55

A website wanting to use HTTPS must acquire a ____, issued by a trusted authority, that contains a public key used by TLS to encrypt data

Answer 55

digital certificate

Question 56

Web browsers often use ____ to aid in caching web resources. These serve as an identifier for a specific version of a web resource

Answer 56

Entity tags (ETags)

Question 57

____ are visual clues that guide the user in figuring out how to use an app. These are harder to implement for mobile apps.

Answer 57

Affordances

Question 58

The ____ is the global collection of communicating devices that sense and control technology on behalf of humans

Answer 58

Internet of Things (IoT)

Question 59

____ is the use of artificial intelligence techniques and access to vast amounts of data to simulate human problem solving in complex situations with ambiguity, changing data, and even conflicting information.

Answer 59

Cognitive computing

Question 60

____ is the design principle of breaking up web content using distinct languages and documents that overlap as little as possible

Answer 60

Separation of concerns

Question 61

A(n) HTML ____ is a single HTML structure that is represented with HTML tags

Answer 61

element

Question 62

A(n) ____ has a descriptive name surrounded by < and > characters that the web browser uses to display content

Answer 62

tag

Question 63

A(n) ____ has a descriptive name surrounded by < and > characters that the web browser uses to display content

Answer 63

element

Question 64

A link is created with a(n) ____ element.

Answer 64

anchor

Question 65

____ is a textual language for describing how a webpage is styled for visual presentation.

Answer 65

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Question 66

A CSS ____ specifies styling properties for specific HTML elements.

Answer 66

rule