1 Organic Chemistry

Question 1

organic compound

Answer 1

is defined as a carbon containing compound that does
not include CO,CO2, and HCN
➢ These compounds are found and obtained from living things
➢ often molecular compounds with low boiling points
➢ ex) Hydrocarbons and fuels such as fats and oils

Question 2

Inorganic compounds

Answer 2

are compounds obtained from non-living sources
➢ CO, CO2,and HCN are inorganic compounds that contain carbon

Question 3

alkanes

Answer 3

Saturated Hydrocarbons, non polar, fairly unreactive but combustable

Question 4

Alkenes

Answer 4

The unsaturated hydrocarbons with double bond

Question 5

Alkynes

Answer 5

The unsaturated hydrocarbons with triple bond

Question 6

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Answer 6

classified on presence of a benzene ring, unsaturated hydrocarbon, bonding arrangement makes it chemically stable

Question 7

Properties of Alkanes

Answer 7

nonpolar molecules, as there is an even arrangement of C-H bonds
throughout the molecule
ΔEN of the C-H bond is quite low and is almost nonpolar as is, while the C-C bonds are truly nonpolar
- intermolecular forces very low, relies more on London Dispersion Forces
- fairly unreactive, but are combustible

Question 8

alkyl group

Answer 8

one or more carbon atom that forms a branch off the main chain of hydrocarbon

Question 9

substituent group

Answer 9

an atom or group that replaces a hydrogen atom in an organic compound

Question 10

Alcohols

Answer 10

organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (R-OH)

Question 11

Properties of Alcohols

Answer 11

alcohols partially polar.
hydrogen bonding with other hydroxyl groups,
alcohols have greater boiling points
than alkanes, and can also dissolve into water,
alcohols with short carbon chains are more soluble in water than those with longer chains, as
the longer the carbon chain grows the less polar it is

❖ ability to be a solvent for both polar and nonpolar molecules, as the saturated hydrocarbon is nonpolar and the hydroxyl group is polar

Question 12

hydration reaction

Answer 12

reaction involves an alkene and a water molecule

Question 13

Dehydration

Answer 13

is the reverse of an addition reaction, where a water
molecule is produced but requires a catalyst to do so

Question 14

ethers

Answer 14

product of a condensation reaction between two alcohols, Ethers are useful solvents, as they have a very polar C-O bond, and can
also dissolve nonpolar substances due to the alkyl groups

Question 15

thiols

Answer 15

organic compounds that contain the sulfhydryl functional group
(-SH),
SH works similar to a hydroxil group becuase they have similar configurations
A property of thiols is that of smelly and strong odours (sulfur)

Question 16

carbonyl group

Answer 16

a functional group in which a carbon is double bonded
to an oxygen atom

Question 17

Aldehydes

Answer 17

have a carbonyl group that is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom,they have disticnt scent and odour due to carbonyl group, have dipole dipole interactiions but are less polar than alchols (since they cant form hydrogen bonds), are produced from primary alchols

Question 18

Ketones

Answer 18

have a carbonyl group that is bonded to at least two carbon atoms on
each side of the carbonyl group

Question 19

formation of aldehydes and ketones

Answer 19

For aldehydes and ketones to be synthesized, an alcohol must go through
controlled oxidation

Question 20

Hydrogenation reactions

Answer 20

involve the addition of a H2
molecule to another
molecule

Question 21

esters

Answer 21

formed by the condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

Question 22

properties of esters

Answer 22

Polarity of esters is similar to that of aldehydes and ketones as esters lack the hydroxyl group
The presence of oxygen atoms does still mean that esters have strong dipole-dipole interactions and therefore larger chains form waxy solids at room temperature but shorter chains are gases at room temperature
Less polar than carboxylic acids

Question 23

Formation of carboxylic acids

Answer 23

is the result of further controlled oxidation of an aldehyde

Question 24

Esterification

Answer 24

the condensation reaction in which an ester is formed from an alcohol and carboxylic acid

Question 25

Reversing Esterification

Answer 25

When esters are treated with an acid or a base, the esterification process can be reversed through hydrolysis

Question 26

saturated fats

Answer 26

form solids at room temperature as the tails are tightly packed while

Question 27

unsaturated fats

Answer 27

unsaturated fats are liquids at room temperature

Question 28

saponification

Answer 28

process of making soap by heating fats or oils with a strong base

Question 29

Trans fats

Answer 29

re o not able to be completely digested or broken down by the body, and have become a topic of nutritional health

Question 30

lipid

Answer 30

class of organicc compound that includes fats and oils

Question 31

fatty acid

Answer 31

long chain carboxylix acid

Question 32

triglyceride

Answer 32

an ester formed rom long-chain fatty acids and glycerol

Question 33

Amines

Answer 33

nitrogen based functional groups, with one or more hydrogen atoms possibly replaced by alkyl groups

Question 34

properties of amines

Answer 34

strong smell, which is due to the fact that it is a derivative of ammonia ❖ Amines are very polar, as the N-C and N-H always has an EN difference towards the nitrogen in the bond ➢ bp and mp increase

Question 35

functional group

Answer 35

a group of atoms within a molecule that determines the properties of the molecule such as solubility, polarity, melting point, boiling point, and chemical reactivity.

Question 36

halogenation

Answer 36

halogen is added to the hydrocarbon and reokaces multibond

Question 37

Markovnikovʼs Rule

Answer 37

The hydrogen atom will bond with the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms already bonded to it

Question 38

properties of aromatic hydrocarbons

Answer 38

state at room temp depends on functional group, symmetrical strucutre makes them non-polar, unless a substituent is electronegative

Question 39

substitution reaction

Answer 39

characteristic of saturated hydrocarbons,where a hydrogen on a carbon is substituted with a functional group (in benzene this requires a catalyst or heat as bonds are more stable)

Question 40

controlled oxidation

Answer 40

the reactant alcohol is not completely oxidized due to oxygen being the limiting reagent or of limited quantity

Question 41

property of carboxylic acid

Answer 41

high melting points (much higher than alknes), highly polar, smaller chains are very soluable in water, carboxyl group provides strong dipole dipole interaction

Question 42

esterfication

Answer 42

the condensation reaction in which an ester is formed from an alcohol and carboxylic acid