1. Prevention & Screening

Question 1

What is the primary goal of oncologic prevention?

Answer 1

To reduce cancer incidence and mortality through risk factor modification and early detection.

Question 2

What are the three main objectives of the National Oncological Programme (NOP)?

Answer 2

1. Reduce cancer incidence/mortality.
2. Improve patients’ quality of life.
3. Rationalize costs of cancer care.

Question 3

What is primary prevention?

Answer 3

Reducing cancer risk by addressing causes (e.g., smoking cessation, HPV vaccination).

Question 4

Give 3 examples of primary prevention strategies.

Answer 4

1. Tobacco control.
2. Healthy diet (reducing processed meats).
3. Sun protection (UV avoidance).

Question 5

What is secondary prevention?

Answer 5

Early detection via screening (e.g., mammograms, colonoscopies) to treat cancer at curable stages.

Question 6

Name the three national screening programs in the Czech Republic.

Answer 6

1. Mammography (breast cancer, since 2002).
2. Cervical cancer screening (since 2008).
3. Colorectal cancer screening (since 2009).

Question 7

What is tertiary prevention?

Answer 7

Monitoring cured patients for recurrence or secondary tumors (lifelong follow-up).

Question 8

What is quaternary prevention?

Answer 8

Mitigating consequences of advanced cancer (e.g., pain management, palliative care).

Question 9

What are the top 3 most common cancers in the Czech Republic (excluding skin)?

Answer 9

1. Colorectal cancer.
2. Prostate cancer (men)/Breast cancer (women).
3. Lung cancer.

Question 10

Why is cancer incidence increasing globally?

Answer 10

1. Aging population.
2. Lifestyle changes (diet, pollution).
3. Improved diagnostics.

Question 11

What percentage of cancers are hereditary?

Answer 11

~5% (e.g., BRCA mutations, Lynch syndrome).

Question 12

Define etiology in oncology.

Answer 12

The study of cancer causes (genetic, environmental, or infectious).

Question 13

What is screening sensitivity?

Answer 13

A test’s ability to correctly identify cancer cases (true positives).

Question 14

What are Comprehensive Cancer Centers?

Answer 14

Accredited facilities providing high-quality, centralized cancer care based on four competencies (equipment, qualifications, etc.).

Question 15

How does HPV vaccination relate to primary prevention?

Answer 15

It prevents HPV infection, reducing cervical/oropharyngeal cancers.

Question 16

What is the ‘Two-Hit Hypothesis’ (Knudson)?

Answer 16

Both copies of a tumor-suppressor gene (e.g., RB1) must be mutated for cancer to develop.