1) Psychology History

Question 1

Introspection

Answer 1

Method which observers carefully reflect and report mental experiences

Question 2

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 2

• developed 1st psych lab in germany (late 1800s)
• focus on introspection
• marked beginning of psychology as a science (psych of human error / self deception)

Question 3

Is there an unifying theoretical perspective that best explains behaviour?

Answer 3

nope, each view contributes smt valuable and have its own limitations

Question 4

Structuralism

Answer 4

(late 1800s)
Edward B. Titchener (student of Wundt)

• used introspection to identify basic elements of psychological experience
• went astray: assumed introspection could provide all the info needed

Question 5

perspective that is interested in the “elements of the mind”

Answer 5

Structuralism

Question 6

Influence of Structuralism

Answer 6

Emphasis on the importance of systematic observation to study conscious experiences

Question 7

Functionalism

Answer 7

(late 1800s)
William James

• influenced by Charles Darwin (natural selection)
• Understand the functions or adaptive purposes of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

Question 8

Influence of Functionalism

Answer 8

has been absorbed into psych and continues to influence indirectly

Question 9

Behaviorism

Answer 9

(early 1900s)
B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson

• uncover general principles of learning that explain observable behaviours

Question 10

Perspective that is referred to as “black box psychology”

Answer 10

Behaviorism

Question 11

Influence of Behaviorism

Answer 11

• in models of human and animal learning
• among the first to focus on the need for objective research

Question 12

Cognitivism

Answer 12

(late 1900s)
Jean Piaget and Neisser

• examine the role of mental processes on behavior
• our interpretation of rewards and punishments is crucial

Question 13

Influence of cognitivism

Answer 13

problem solving, concept formation, intelligence, memory, psychotherapy

Question 14

Psychoanalysis

Answer 14

(early 1900s)
Sigmund Freud

• uncover the role of unconscious psychological processes and early life experiences in behavior
• decode meanings of our slips of tongue
• core of personality is molded within first few years of life

Question 15

Drawback of Psychoanalysis

Answer 15

difficult or impossible to falsify

Question 16

Influence of Psychoanalysis

Answer 16

understanding that much of our mental processing goes on outside of conscious awareness

Question 17

primary influences in psychoanalysis

Answer 17

unconscious drives (sexuality, aggression)

Question 18

Perspective that uses introspection to identify basic elements of psychological experience

Answer 18

Structuralism - E.B. Titchener

Question 19

Perspective that seeks to understand the adaptive purposes of thoughts and behaviors

Answer 19

Functionalism - William James

Question 20

Perspective that seeks to uncover the general principles of learning

Answer 20

Behaviorism - B.F. Skinner

Question 21

Perspective that examines the role of mental processes on behavior

Answer 21

Cognitivism - Jean Piaget

Question 22

Perspective that seeks to uncover the role of the unconscious mind and early life events

Answer 22

Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud

Question 23

What are the two great debates?

Answer 23

1. Nature nurture debate
2. Free Will Determinism Debate

Question 24

Nature Nurture Debate

Answer 24

Are our behaviors attributable mostly to our genes or to our environments?

Question 25

Free Will Determinism Debate

Answer 25

to what extent are our behaviors freely selected rather than caused by factors outside of our control -> Is free will an illusion? - Free will stems from how we aren’t aware of the subtle environmental influences affecting our behavior all the time

Question 26

Behaviorist's view on the free will debate

Answer 26

behaviour is completely determined by preceding influences

Question 27

Belief in free will serves to ___ unethical behavior

Answer 27

inhibit

Question 28

Is the statement falsifiable: No human lives forever

Answer 28

unfalsifiable

Question 29

Is the statement falsifiable: All humans live forever

Answer 29

falsifiable

Question 30

Which is unfalsifiable? A) More heads than tails B) Heads every time, until someone looks C) HTTHTHTHH specifically D) Heads =/ tails

Answer 30

B

Question 31

Which is MOST falsifiable A) More heads than tails B) Heads every time, until someone looks C) HTTHTHTHH specifically D) Heads =/ tails

Answer 31

C most easy to prove wrong

Question 32

Which is LEAST falsifiable? A) More heads than tails B) Heads every time, until someone looks C) HTTHTHTHH specifically D) Heads =/ tails

Answer 32

D hardest to prove false cuz only false when heads = tails