Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Stats 4 > 1. Research Principles > Flashcards

1. Research Principles Flashcards

(47 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are some types of epistemological frameworks and what type of methodology do they line up with?

A

Positivism/Realism = quantitative/ scientific method

Contextualism/ Phenomenology/ Constructionism = qualitative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What form of measurement should you go for?

A

Go for the highest form of measurement where possible (numeric over ordinal over nominal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 types of categorical data?

A

Binary (2 categories)

Nominal (more than two categories)

Ordinal (logical rank order: fail, pass, distinction or in a race)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 types of continuous data?

A

Interval (equal intervals e.g. 6 & 8 = the difference between 2 & 4)

Ratio (e.g. a score of 16 is double a score of 8- true zero point)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the different types of sampling you can use with observation studies?

A

Event (when event occurs)

Time (fixed intervals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some advantages to fully structured observational studies?

A

Systematic
Controlled for confounds
Replication
Constant setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some advantages to naturalistic observational studies?

A

Ecological validity
Rich
Less demanding setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some disadvantages to fully structured observational studies?

A

Lack ecological validity
Not spontaneous
Ethical issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some disadvantages to naturalistic observational studies?

A

Observer obtrusive
No control over confounds
Difficult to replicate
Ethical issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an example of secondary data?

A 
Census data, 
Websites, 
Clinical and police records, 
Organisational records, 
Newspapers and magazines, 
Letters and diaries, 
Research articles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of methodology would you use if you were using secondary data?

A

meta-analysis,

qualitative meta-synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does a case study examine?

A

A single unit of analysis e.g. an individual, organisation, group, intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A case study can either be ?

A

Descriptive or Explanatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 types of interviews?

A

Semi-structured
Structured
Unstructured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do focus groups aim to capture?

A

Understandings, perspectives, stories, discourses and experiences not otherwise meaningfully expressed by numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the disadvantages of a focus group?

A

Requires moderator have good facilitation skills.

Rich data but may be difficult to analyse.

Group processes affect data obtained. Artificial setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some different types of questionnaires?

A 
open-ended 
closed-ended 
categorical 
multiple-response 
ratings (e.g. likert) 
rankings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is problematic when using questionnaires?

A

The assumption that psychological or emotional quantities can be measured using interval scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are quasi-experiments?

Study These Flashcards
A

Experiments where participants can’t be randomly assigned to groups

20
Q

What are some examples of qualitative data collection?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Semi-structured interviews 
Life story, episodic or narrative interviews 
Case studies 
Autobiographical memories 
Focus groups
21
Q

What are some examples of qualitative analyses?

Study These Flashcards
A 
GT
IPA
DA
FDA
Narrative 
MW
22
Q

What type of analysis would you use for comparing 2 groups of different participants?

Study These Flashcards
A

Independent t-tests

23
Q

What type of analysis would you use for comparing 3 or more groups of different participants?

Study These Flashcards
A

One way ANOVA

24
Q

What type of analysis would you use for comparing more than one grouping factor?

Study These Flashcards
A

Factorial ANOVA

25
What type of analysis would you use for comparing 3 or more groups of the same participants?
Repeated measures ANOVA
26
What type of analysis would you use for comparing more than one repeated measure factor?
Factorial repeated measures ANOVA
27
What type of analysis would you use for comparing both independent and repeated measures groups?
Mixed factorial ANOVA
28
What type of analysis would you use for comparing one or more numeric variables?
Correlation (Multiple regression)
29
What type of analysis would you use for comparing both independent groups and numeric variables?
ANCOVA
30
What types (4) of analysis would you use for comparing differences?
t-tests ANOVA ANCOVA MANOVA
31
What types (6) of analysis would you use for comparing relationships?
``` Correlation Linear Regression Meditational regression Logistic regression Path Analysis SEM ```
32
What is the shapiro wilk?
A correlation between the obtained distribution of scores and what the scores should be if they are distributed normally
33
When is it best to use the Shapiro Wilk statistic?
In smaller samples
34
What do we use to measure the normal distribution statistic in larger samples?
Kolmogorov-Smirnov
35
What could you do (but isn't recommended) if you have moderate positive skew?
Square root transformation
36
What could you do (but isn't recommended) if you have severe positive skew?
Logarithmic or inverse transformation
37
What could you do (but isn't recommended) if you have extreme positive skew?
Fourth root transformation
38
What could you do (but isn't recommended) if you have negative skew?
Reflex transformation (subtract each score from max score + 1)
39
When is bootstrap a useful alternative to non-parametric estimates?
When normality is violated When homogeneity of variance is violated When a non-parametric test is not available
40
Which models don't have equivalent non-parametric tests?
Regression models
41
What are the possible strategies for dealing with outliers?
Remove (bad) Trim (okay) Winsorizing (good)
42
What are the 2 rules for trimming the data?
``` percentage (e.g. remove 5% from each end) standard deviation (e.g. greater than 2SD in z scores) ```
43
What are the 3 types of missing data?
MNAR (bad - dependent) MAR (okay- 1/2 dependent) MCAR (good - independent)
44
What are the strategies for dealing with missing data?
Delete the case (listwise - good - least biased) Estimate (inflated SE = less power) Expectation Maximisation (EM - done on totals)
45
What are the 2 types of Estimating Missing data?
``` Mean substitution (BAD) Regression Substitution ```
46
What is the statistic that determines the independence of the missing data?
Little's test (should be non sig.)
47
What should you do if you find a sig. result from Little's test?
Listwise deletion

Stats 4 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions