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MED 102- GENERAL CHEMISTRY > 1. THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER > Flashcards

1. THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is Chemistry?
A
  • the science that describes matter
  • it describes the different transformations of matter from one form to another
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2
Q
  1. Are chemical changes reversible?
A
  • NO
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3
Q
  1. Give me a scientific definition of an element.
A
  • an element is the most fundamental form of matter
  • it cannot be broken down by chemical methods (or reactions) into simpler substances
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4
Q
  1. Give me a basic definition of an element.
A
  • elements are made up of only one type of atom
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5
Q
  1. Give me a definition of the Periodic Table.
A
  • it is a logical arrangement of the known elements
  • in terms of their chemical properties
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6
Q
  1. What is the position of the element in the periodic table related to?
A
  • it is related to the chemical and physical properties of the element
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7
Q
  1. What are the rows in the Periodic Table called?
A
  • Periods
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8
Q
  1. What kind of elements do the Periods of the Periodic Table contain?
A
  • they contain chemically unrelated elements
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9
Q
  1. What are the columns in the Periodic table called?
A
  • Groups
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10
Q
  1. What kinds of elements do the Groups in the Periodic Table contain?
A
  • they contain chemically similar elements
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11
Q
  1. Where do soft metals appear on the Periodic Table?
A
  • they appear on the left hand side
  • they are the first 2 columns (1A and 2A)
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12
Q
  1. Which elements appear in the middle section (yellow part) of the Periodic Table?
A
  • the Transition Metals
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13
Q
  1. What are the light green elements defined as?
A
  • more metals
  • they are not Transition Metals
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14
Q
  1. What elements are the dark green ones?
A
  • they are metalloids (semi-metals)
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15
Q
  1. What are the light blue, dark blue and purple elements defined as?
A
  • Non-Metals
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16
Q
  1. Where do the non-metals appear on the Periodic Table?
A
  • on the right hand side
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17
Q
  1. List 2 properties of Transition metals.
A
  • hard
  • shiny
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18
Q
  1. What properties do metalloids have?
A
  • They have both the properties of metals and non-metals
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19
Q
  1. Are most elements monatomic, polyatomic or diatomic?
A
  • they are Monatomic
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20
Q
  1. Provide a definition for Monatomic.
A
  • made up of single atoms only
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21
Q
  1. How many diatomic elements are there in the Periodic table?
A
  • Seven
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22
Q
  1. What are diatomic elements?
A
  • Elements that consist of two identical joined atoms
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23
Q
  1. Name the 7 diatomic elements?
A
  • H2 (Hydrogen)
  • N2 (Nitrogen)
  • O2 (Oxygen)
  • F2 (Fluorine)
  • Cl2 (Chlorine)
  • Br2 (Bromine)
  • I2 (Iodine)
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24
Q
  1. What is a good way to remember the 7 diatomic elements?
A

Have
No
Fear
Of
Ice
Cold
Beer

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25
25. What is a triatomic element?
- an element that consists of 3 identical atoms joined together - they occur like this in nature
26
26. Name one Triatomic element.
- Ozone (O3)
27
27. Where can you find Ozone?
- in the atmosphere - in the electrical discharge of lightning - in a photocopy room
28
28. List 3 properties of Ozone.
- sharp smell - pungent smell - toxic
29
29. What are Polyatomic elements?
- elements that have several identical atoms joined together
30
30. Name two Polyatomic Elements.
- P4 (Red Phosphorus) - S8 (Orthorhombic Sulphur)
31
31. What orientation is S8 in?
- Crown Rotation
32
32. What is the name of Group 1/1A in the Periodic Table?
- Alkali Metals
33
33. What does Alkali mean?
- alkali means that the metals completely dissolve in water to produce alkali
34
34. How do Alkali Metals react with water? (Give 3 points)
- Violently - Exothermic Reaction (large amounts of heat given off) - some catching on fire due to the production of hydrogen gas
35
35. When does Hydrogen Gas start to behave like a metal?
- when under very high pressure
36
36. Is Hydrogen considered an Alkali metal?
- NO
37
37. Do Alkali metals float or sink in water? Why?
- Alkali metals float in water - their density is often less than that of water
38
38. What gas is released when an Alkali metal reacts with water? How does hydrogen react and why?
- Hydrogen gas - hydrogen gas is combustible - it often catches on fire
39
39. What kind of a solution does the chemical reaction between an alkali metal and water produce?
- a basic (alkali) solution
40
40. What happens to the alkali metal during its chemical reaction with water?
- the metal usually disappears - it dissolves fully in water
41
41. What happens to the chemical reactivity as we go down the group?
- the reactivity increases
42
42. How does Lithium (Li) react to water?
- it floats around - it does not catch on fire
43
43. How does Sodium (Na) react to water?
- it catches on fire
44
44. How does Cesium (Cs) react to water and why?
- it explodes - it is very reactive
45
45. What is the lowest Alkali metal? Give me one characteristic of this metal?
- Francium (Fr) is the lowest alkali metal - it is radioactive
46
46. What is the name of Group 2/2A in the Periodic Table?
- Alkaline Earth Metals
47
47. Are Alkaline Earth metals more or less reactive than Alkaline Metals?
- They are less reactive - therefore, there are less exothermic reactions
48
48. What does Alkaline Earth mean?
- it means that these elements are found in rocks in the Earth's mantle
49
49. What is produced when an Alkaline Earth metal and water react?
- hydrogen gas is produced - an alkaline (basic) solution is produced
50
50. What happens to the reactivity of Alkaline Earth metals as we go down the group?
- it increases
51
51. Name one radioactive Alkaline Earth Metal.
- Radium (Ra) - it is not used in classroom settings
52
52. Name 2 Alkaline Earth metals that are good for maintaining good health. Provide examples of what they help with.
- Magnesium (Mg) - it is a supplement that helps to enhance biochemical pathways - it assists in relaxing muscles - eases muscle cramps - Calcium (Ca) - strengthens bones - strengthens teeth
53
53. What is the name of Group 6/6A in the Periodic Table?
- Chalcogens
54
54. What is the derivative of the word Chalcogen?
- "Chalco" means copper in Greek - "gen" means to give rise to in Greek - therefore, it means to give rise to Copper
55
55. Why are these elements called Chalcogens?
- these elements are found in combination with copper in copper ores (rocks) - (especially with oxygen and sulphur) - proper chemical treatment of these ores then gives rise to copper metal
56
56. What is the name of Group 7/7A in the Periodic Table?
- Halogens
57
57. What kind of elements make up Group 7/7A?
- Diatomic elements that exist like this in nature
58
58. What is the derivative of the word Halo?
- "Halo" means salt in Greek
59
59. Why are the elements in Group 7/7A called Halogens?
- these elements form common salts (NaCl) that are usually in combination with an alkali metal (Na, K, etc.)
60
60. Name one radioactive Halogen?
- Astatine (At)
61
61. Describe the gas that Fluorine (F2) produces.
- pale - yellow - extremely toxic
62
62. Describe the gas that Chlorine (Cl2) produces.
- highly toxic - pale green
63
63. Which famous scientist utilised Cl2 and F2 gas as a war weapon? How is this an effective weapon?
- Fritz Habert - Cl2 and F2 reacts with the water on the lung surface and forms an acid - this causes severe burns
64
64. What is the most reactive halogen?
- Fluorine (Fl)
65
65. What colour and consistency is Bromine (Br2)?
- it is an orange-brown colour - it is in liquid form
66
66. What colour and consistency is Iodine (I2)? How does it react when heated?
- it is a black colour -it is a solid - it turns into a purple vapour when heated
67
67. What is the name of Group 8/8A in the Periodic Table?
- Noble Gases
68
68. What is another name for Noble Gases?
- Inert (non reactive) gases
69
69. Why are these gases considered inert?
- they are very chemically non reactive
70
70. What is the main source of Noble Gases?
- the atmosphere
71
71. What is the lightest Noble Gas?
- Helium (He)
72
72. What is the most radioactive Noble Gas?
- Radon - it is the 2nd most common cause of lung cancer
73
73. Is Uranium radioactive or not radioactive?
- Radioactive
74
74. What is Helium (He) gas used for?
- it is used in balloons to make them float in the air - it is used in blimps (airships) - it changes a person's voice to become very thin for a while when breathed in
75
75. What is Neon (Ne) used for?
- it is used in making illuminated advertisement signs
76
76. How does Radon (Rn) gas become a danger to people?
- it floats upwards through the soil from the Nuclear fission (breakup) of Uranium - this Uranium is found in the Earth's mantle - the gas is dangerous as it can come into contact with the lung tissue
77
77. When do inert/ noble gasses react chemically?
- when they are put under extreme conditions
78
78. What happens to the reactivity of the element as we go down the group?
- the chemical reactivity increases
79
79. What are the 3 categories of elements?
- Metals - Semi-Metals/ Metalloids - Non-Metals
80
80. Name 5 characteristics of Metals?
- shiny - conduct heat very well - conduct electricity very well - malleable (pounded into sheets) - ductile (drawn into wires)
81
81. Give me one example of an element that has been pounded into sheets?
- Aluminium paper
82
82. Which metal in the Periodic table is not a solid?
- Mercury (Hg)
83
83. Give one example of an element that has been drawn into wires?
- guitar strings made out of stainless steel
84
84. Give the three states of matter that Non-Metals are divided into?
- gases - liquids - solids
85
85. List 2 characteristics of Non-Metal solids?
- they are brittle (shatter easily) - poor conductors of heat and electricity
86
86. What is an example of a non-metal that is brittle?
- a piece of charcoal
87
87. What are two exceptions of non-metals that are hard and good conductors of electricity?
- Carbon (in the form of a diamond) is very hard and not brittle - Graphite (a form of carbon) is a very good conductor of heat and electricity
88
88. Provide a definition for Metalloids and an example.
- Metalloids are intermediate between metals and non-metals - an example is Silicon
89
89. What are the Metalloid properties of Silicon?
- it conducts electricity well under certain conditions (like a metal) - it is brittle (like a non-metal)
90
90. Provide the names for blocks labelled 1-7.
1. Matter 2. Pure Substances 3. Mixtures 4. Elements 5. Compounds 6. Homogenous 7. Heterogeneous
91
91. Provide a definition for a Pure Substance.
- it is a substance that it not mixed with anything else - it is made up of one type of material only
92
92. Provide 3 examples of Pure Substances.
- 24 Karat Gold (made up of only gold atoms) - Distilled Water (made up of only H2O molecules) - Sugar Cubes (made of of Sucrose only) - Sucrose is made up of only three elements (Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen)
93
93. Why is Tap Water not a pure substance?
- it contains dissolved salts in water
94
94. What are the 2 categories of Pure Substances?
- elements - compounds
95
95. What is the definition of an element. Provide an example.
- elements are made up of one type of atom only - Eg: 24 Karat gold made of only gold atoms
96
96. What is the definition of a compound?
- a compound is a combination of different elements - Eg: Sugar Cubes (made of Sucrose only) (Sucrose consists of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen elements mixed into a molecule)
97
97. Provide a definition of a Mixture.
- a mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances
98
98. What are the two groups that Mixtures are divided into called?
- Homogeneous mixtures (also known as solutions) - Heterogeneous Mixtures
99
99. What is a Homogeneous Mixture? provide an example.
- it is a visually indistinguishable solution - it looks the same throughout - Eg: tomato juice
100
100. What is a Heterogeneous mixture? Provide an example.
- it is a mixture made up of visually discernible (identifiable) components - Eg: a bowl of mixed nuts
101
101. Read over this summary. Do you feel confident in your knowledge?
- Yes

MED 102- GENERAL CHEMISTRY (27 decks)

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