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Urology > 1: Urological Malignancies - TCC > Flashcards

1: Urological Malignancies - TCC Flashcards

1
Q

Where do transitional cell carcinomas arise

A

Urothelial (Transitional cell epithelium)

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2
Q

What % of bladder cancer is TCC

A

90%

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3
Q

What is the other type of TCC

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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4
Q

What is a risk factor for SCC of the bladder

A

Schistosomiasis

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5
Q

What age-group does TCC occur

A

> 65 year-olds

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6
Q

What gender does TCC occur

A

Male (4:1)

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7
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for TCC

A

Smoking

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8
Q

What are 4 other RF for TCC

A

HPV16
Cyclophosphamide exposure
FH
Aromatic amines

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9
Q

How does bladder carcinoma present

A

Painless haematuria

Voiding symptoms: dysuria, frequency, urgency

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10
Q

Who is referred under suspected bladder carcinoma pathway

A

> 45-years and:

  • Macroscopic haematuria
  • Haematuria persists beyond UTI treatment

> 60-years and:
- Microscopic haematuria

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11
Q

What is used initially to diagnose and grade TCC

A

Rigid cystoscopy

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12
Q

Why is a rigid cystoscopy used

A

Able to take biopsy

Flexible cystoscopy can only visualise cancer

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13
Q

What investigation is used to stage TCC

A

CT Urogram

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14
Q

What stage do 80% of patients present in

A

Tis or T1

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15
Q

How is Tis or T1 TCC managed

A

Trans-urethral resection bladder tumour (TURBT)

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16
Q

If an individual has multiple small bladder tumours (Tis or T1) what is given

A

Intravesical BCG

17
Q

How is T2-T3 TCC managed

A

Radical cystectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy:

M-VAC
Methotrexate
Vincristine
Adriamycin (Doxorubicin) 
Cyclophosphamide
18
Q

How is T4 TCC managed

A

Palliative chemotherapy

Catheter to relieve obstruction

19
Q

What is T1 TCC

A

sub-epithelial connective tissue

20
Q

What is T2 TCC

A

muscular propria

21
Q

What is T3 TCC

A

peri vesicle fat

22
Q

What is T4 TCC

A
  • Uterus
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate
  • Vagina

Urology (14 decks)

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