1-Working memory and cognitive control Flashcards
Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory types
Input -> Transient Memory -> Sensory Memory -> Attention -> Short-term memory -> Long term Memory
repeated rehearsal is enough
Sensory Memory
Atk-Shiff Model
- brief sensation
- rapid decay
- inonic memory = recognising and processing briefly presented info
- Sperling Task (array, tone, row of letters) => visual memory includes all items recently seen
STM
- temporary
- maintained as long as it is rehearsed
- limited in capacity (5-9 items)
- limited to what we pay attention to
- forgetting through displacement
Depth of processing
- passive rehearsal is not enough for STM-LTM transfer
- actively applying info in meaningful ways helps
Working memory
keep track of recent events
access memories of facts during encoding and retrieval
Executive control of working memory
maintenance and manipulation of working and short-tea memory
Baddeley’s working memory model
Manipulation = Central executive (monitoring, adding, updating)
Maintenance = Two memory buffers that are stored separately (Phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad)
Central Executive
- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- higher order executive functions
- monitoring and manipulating working memory
- impariments in delay-response tasks
Right DLPFC
monitoring processes
Left DLPFC
verbal materials
Phonological Loop
- internal speech rehearsal
- 2 seconds of speech
- word length effect
- left ventrolateral PFC
anterior: semantic
posterios: phonological
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
- limited in capacity
- encoding, retrieval, rehearsal
- right ventrolateral PFC
- Delayed non match to sample task = monkey, reward, delay, hidden under now object => chooses non matching => learn to remember and hold memory
VSS and PL are
independent capacities
- Dual task experiment ( * travelling along periphery of F)
=> reaction times fastest vocal, then tapping and pointing.
Cognitive functions of working memory
- controlled updating of STM buffers
- setting goals and planning
- task switching
- stimulus selection
- response inhibition
Controlled updating of STM buffers
decide which memories are needed for task
- N-Back task : which item was read N previously
- Petrides self ordered memory task: point to different item on each card
Setting goals and planning
Tower of Hanoi
Task switching
- monitoring external cues to switch
- Wisconsin Card Sort test = learn new rule of sorting and keep track
Stimulus selection and response inhibition
- inhibit habitual response
- shift attention to context-specific rule
Stroop task
Frontal lobe damage
deficitins in all of working memory and executive control tasks
in absence of an executive control system we are no longer
guided by long term goals or task specific constrains
Dysexecutive syndrome
frontal lobe damage disrupted ability to think, plan, organise impulsive distractable perseveration during Wisconsin card test
Orbitofrontal and medial PFC are also involved in memory functions but less than
lateral PFC
Dorsolateral PFC
executive control functions
manipulation
Ventrolateral PFC
maintenance
