10/02/2019 First 2 chapters Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
David Hume Contributions:
A
Naturalism and Instrumental
2
Q
Did not believe in INNATE ideas.
you have to have experience
A
Hobbes
3
Q
We can’t rely on sensations alone.
A
Immanuel KANT
4
Q
The golden Rule:
A
Immanuel Kant
5
Q
Immanuel Kant believed:
A
Time and space are innate ideas
6
Q
Time and space are innate ideas.
A
Immanuel Kant
7
Q
Argued that primary qualities do not exist.
A
George Berkeley
8
Q
George Berkeley contributions:
A
Mentalism, Solipsism
9
Q
All knowledge is function of EXPERIENCING and PERCEIVING with a person. TERM, WHO
A
Berkeley, Mentalism
10
Q
Mentalism:
A
All knowledge is function of EXPERINCING and perceiving with a person.
11
Q
Berkeley’s motto:
A
“To exist is to be perceived”
12
Q
Primary qualities and secondary qualities
A
Galileo Galilei
13
Q
Primary qualities:
A
Quality, shape, size, position, motion or rest.
14
Q
Secondary qualities:
A
color, sound temperature, smell taste.
15
Q
Tubola Raza
A
- Clean slate
- Locke
16
Q
Locke Contributions:
A
Empiricism, Liberalism
17
Q
Consciousness:
A
John Locke
18
Q
John lock studies:
A
Consciousness
19
Q
Recognized for two kids of experiences. what are they and who was that>
A
- John Locke
- Sensation and Reflection
20
Q
Sensation and reflection
A
John Locke
21
Q
Sensation:
A
Direct sensory coming from objects
22
Q
Reflection:
A
Sensory experience
23
Q
Simple Ideas and Complex ideas
A
John Locke
24
Q
Primary qualities and secondary qualities 2
A
John Locke
25
Primary qualities:
Size, shape
26
Secondary qualities:
color, odor, taste, sound
27
Rene Descartes motto:
"I think therefore I am"
28
"I think therefore I am"
Rene Descartes
29
"He is well who is well hidden"
Rene Descartes
30
Rene Descartes Ideas
Innate and derived
31
Rene Descartes contributions:
Introspection, cognition, reflexes.
32
Introspection, reflexes, cognition.
Rene Descartes
33
Mind and body problem
Rene Descartes
34
Before Descartes what was the accepted theory
The interaction between mind and body flowed in one direction.
35
Mind and Body:
- The relationships is not in one direction but rather mutual interaction.
- The mind can influence the body and the body can influence the mind
36
Reflex action theory:
Undulato reflexa:
| A movement that is not supervised or determined by a conscious will to move.
37
Animal Spirits associated:
DESCARTES
38
Animal Spirits. Explain
- Animal spirits trigger the passions of the soul and cause the body to react.
39
Cupiditas/ caritas associated with:
The Christians.
| Augustine
40
Cupiditas
spiritual will. Good intentions, ethical actions, restraint, virtue
41
Caritas
-Carnal will. Excessive desire, violence and greed.
42
The Romans: Galen
First Pneuma
Second Pneuma
Third Pneuma
43
side note: meaning "soul" or "spirit".
DEFINITION
Fist Pneuma , second pneuma, third pneuma
First Pneuma: Brain (reason)
Second Pneuma: Heart (emotions)
Third Pneuma: Liver (desires)
44
Holism
-Everyone is connected in the world
| -
45
Holism
- Everyone is connected in the world
| - Confucius
46
Guilt, sin, sex
Augustine
47
Who believed on innate ideas:
Rene Descartes
48
Who didn't believe in innate ideas:
DAVID HUME
49
Empiricism and Materialism
Thomas Hobbes
50
Thomas Hobbes contributions:
Empiricism and Materialism
51
Didn't believe in divorce:
Hume
52
Confucius contributions:
Holism
53
Holism associated with
Confucius
54
Three dimensions of the world:
PLATO
55
Temperature maters
Aristotle
56
Athymia, Extasis
Aristotle
57
Aristotle contributions
Athymia and extasis
58
Two kinds of knowledge:
- Opinions, recollections
| - PLATO
59
5 SENCES: smell, touch, vision, taste, hearing,
Aristotle
60
Soul is the form but not the body itself
Aristotle
61
Nutrition, perceprion, reason
Aristotle, Hylomorphism
62
Nutrition, perception, reason
Aristotle, Hylomorphism
63
Hylomorphism associated with
Aristotle
64
Three dimentins of the world: who and explain
- PLATO
| - Ideal world, Material, psychological
65
Three dimensions of the world: who and explain
- PLATO
| - Ideal world, Material, psychological
66
Three levels of the SOUL explain:
Rational (brain), affective (heart), and desirous (abdomen)
67
We must understand our emotions in order to make the right choices and be free of our wishes
Spinoza
68
God is the highest substance, humans are part of nature
Spinoza
69
The central element is substance
Spinoza
70
Psychological parallelism – physical and mental processes develop in parallel courses
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
71
Did not believe in innate ideas or divorce
Hume
72
2 persons who did not believe on innate ideas
Hume and Hobbes
73
Suicide should not be condemned
HUMME
74
Superstitions: sleepwalk= molestation by the devil
Witchcraft: 80% of women more vulnerable and devil
Popular (folk) Knowledge
75
- The principles, methods and philosophical issues of historical research.
- Psych depends on history
Historiography
76
Intelectual climate or spirit of the times- as well as current social, economic and political forces
Zeitgeist
77
The self is the only entity that can be known and verified
- Solipsism (Berkeley)
78
Visual depth of perception
Berkeley
79
Idealism
PLATO
80
Sensation, emotion, intellect, volition
Scientific knowledge
81
The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of experimentation by the laws of chemistry and physics
Mechanism (Galileo Galilei)
82
The doctrine that explains phenomena on the level (such as complex ideas) in the terms of phenomena on another level ( such as simple ideas)
- Reductionism
| - Hobbes
83
- Peer review
- controversy
- social status, prestige, and power
- gender and ethnicity
Historiography
84
- The "spirit of times". or the spirit of the times
| - social climate
Zeitgeist
85
What are the 4 types of knowledge in psychology?
- Popular knowledge
- scientific knowledge
- legal knowledge
- Ideological knowledge
86
Reoccurring themes?
- Mind and body problem
- Nature vs Nurture
- Theorist practitioner debate
87
Technology built to imitate human action and movements
- Automata
| - china
88
Mind and body problem:
- Relate on one another
| - Descartes
89
What was the prevailing though before Descartes came along? about mind and body. (1)
- The interaction between mind and body flowed in one direction.
90
What was the prevailing though before Descartes came along? about mind and body (2)
The mid was believed to be responsible not only for THOUGHT and REASON but for REPRODUCTION, PERCEPRION, and MOVEMENT.
91
The mind has a single function:
- That is t hought
- Descartes
92
Materialism. who?
Hobbes
93
The doctrine that explains the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in terms by EXISTANCE and NATURE OF MATTER
Materialism
94
- Explaining the process by breaking them down to interaction of elements.
TERM, WHO?
- Hobbes
| - REDUCTIONALISM
95
-Soul is the form but not the body itself
-matter + form
- NUTRITION, PERCEPRION AND REASON
TERM, WHO?
- ARISTOTLE
| - HYLOMORPHISM
96
- Study of nature and scope
- Analyses the nature of the knowledge
TERM, WHO?
- RENE DESCARTES
| - EPISTEMOLOGY
97
EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED IN THE WORLD
| TERM, WHO?
- HOLLISM
| - CONFUCUS
98
Pneuma. Who?
| explain the pneumas
- GALEN
| - Brain (reason), heart (emotions), liver (desires)
99
Cupiditas/ caritas. who?
Augustine
100
Tubo la rasa
- Clean slate
| - Locke
101
Body and mind are independent but interacting substances. Mind body problem
idealism, dualism or ???
TERM, WHO?
- Dualism
| - Descartes
102
Soul is the prime substance
| TERM, WHO?
- Idealism
| - DESCARTES
103
Substance; the soul is a function of the body.
| sensory organs, there is nothing in the mind that hadn't been there prior to sensation.
- MATERIALISM
| - HOBBES
104
Phrenology
| who?
GALL
105
- Different cranial size and shape explains behavior
| - who? term
Phrenology, GALL
106
Provided hope for objective materialistic analysis of the mind. Term, who
hint: Different cranial size and shape explains behavior
Phrenology, GALL
107
Nonsense syllables:
| who
Ebbinghaus
108
- Learning to criterion- repeating the material as many times as necessary to reach a certain level of accuracy.
who?
- Ebbinghaus
109
```
Found:
-Primacy and recency effects
-overlearning helped retention
-small chunks is better than cramping
WHO?
```
Ebbinghaus
110
Phycological proceses are reflexes.
| -led to the research of where in the nervous system certain processes happen.
Sechnov
111
- Phycological proceses are reflexes.
| - led to the research of where in the nervous system certain processes happen.
Sechenov
112
Studying mental processes from the standpoint of ETHICS, LOGIC, and METAPHYSICS .
-Term
Mental philosophy
113
- Mind is a steam
- steam has drops
- Drops are elementary foundation
- Drops form connections
- Connections represent a steam of thought
- Becomes an association
Mental philosophy
114
- A technique for demanding the function of a given part of an animals brain by removing or destroying it and observing the resulting behavior changes.
- TERM, WHO
- HALL
| - EXTIRPATION
115
Posthumous examination of the brain structures to detect damaged areas assumed to be responsible for behavioral conditions that existed before the person died.
- who, term
- Clinical method
| - Paul Broca
116
A technique for studying the brain. Involves the use of electrical currents to explore the cerebral cortex.
- term, who?
- Electrical stimulation
| - Fritch and Hitzig
117
Repeat: A technique for exploring the cerebral cortex with weak electrical current to observe MOTOR RESPONSES.
who, term
- Electrical Stimulation
| - Fritch and Hitzig
118
Repeat -Different cranial size and shape explains behavior.
- shape of a persons skull revealed his or her intellectual and emotional characteristics.
- term, who?
- Phrenology
| - GALL
119
contributions: Investigations of the speed of the neural impulse and his research on vision and hearing.
- invented ophthalmoscope
- Color vision: Trichromatic theory
- who?
Helmholtz
120
Invented Ophthalmoscope
Helmholtz
121
1. INVENTED WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY AND RADIO
| 2. Invented Ophthalmoscope
HELMHOLTZ
122
- Optical illusions: we can see them but still be tricked by them.
- Self observation: all scientists should be excellent observers
Helmholtz
123
- Hay fever, color blindness, reaction time, optic occurs.
| - who?
Helmholtz
124
Revised and extended a theory of COLOR VISION
Helmholtz
125
Did NOT believe in conducting experiments, only on collecting data
Helmholtz
126
His primary research interest was the physiology of SENSE ORGANS.
WEBER
127
Contributions: sense of organs, cutaneous (skin) senses
| and muscular sensation.
Weber
128
Two-point threshold:
| -who?
Weber
129
The distance between two points before the subject reports feeling two distinct sensations.
- weber
| - two point threshold
130
-Repeat: The pong in which the two separate sources of stimulations can be distinguished
- Two point threshold
131
Weber contributions:
- Two- point threshold
- Just noticeable difference
- Thresholds
- Measurement on sensation
132
- Two- point threshold
- Just noticeable difference
- Thresholds
- Measurement on sensation
Weber contributions:
133
The smallest difference between weights that could be detected.
Just noticeable difference
134
"Day-view"
| " Dr. Mises"
Fechner
135
Seriously injured his eyes by looking directly at the sun with colored glasses.
Fechner
136
- He had a dream in which the 77 appeared...
Fechner
137
- The amount of sensation ( the mental quality) depends on the amount of stimulation (physical quality).
- who?
Fechner
138
Proposed two ways to measure sensation:
1. we can determine whether a stimulus is present or absent, sensed or nor sensed
2. we can measure stimulus intensity at which subjects report that the sensation first occurs; this is the ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD of sensitivity.
- WHO
Fechner
139
- A point of intensity below which no sensation is reported and above which subjects experience sensation
- Fechner
| - Absolute threshold
140
Fechner contributions:
Differential threshold, absolute threshold
141
- The relationship between the mental (psych) and the (physics).
term? Who?
- Psychophysics
| - Gustav Theodor Fechner
142
Founder of Psychophysics. Who?
Gustav Theodor Fechner
143
- Relates to the relationship between the sensation and the accompanying brain and the nerve excitation.
- who?, what part? term?
- Gustav Theodor Fechner
- Psychophysics
- Inner Psychophysics
144
The relationship between stimulus and subjective intensity of the sensation.
- who?, what part? term?
- Gustav Theodor Fechner
- Psychophysics
- Outer Psychophysics
145
- Founding father of psychology
WUNDT
146
- Areas investigated: SENSATION, ATTENTION, FEELING, REACTION TIME, PERCEPTION, ASSOSIATION, APPERCEPTION
WUNDT
147
Color vision: Trichromatic theory
Helmholtz
148
Separate receptor systems on the retina are responsive to each of the three primary colors:
red, yellow, blue-violet/.
Color vision: Trichromatic theory
149
Created first psych lab in Leipzig University
| - who
Wundt
150
Taught the first graduate student
| - who?
Wundt
151
Had three goals for psych.
| - who?
Wundt
152
3 goals for psych:
1. Analyst of the elements of consciousness
2. Finding the manner of connection of those elements
3. Finding the law of this consciousness
- who?
Wundt
153
Created a doctoral program in Experimental psych.
| - who?
Wundt
154
Because he focused on the minds self organizing capacity he labeled his system volunteerism.
- who?
Wundt
155
Introspection
| WHO (2)?
SOCRATES (FOUNDER), Wundt CONTRIBUTED ONLY
156
Introspection.
| - term
examining ones own mental state "Internal perception"
157
examining ones own mental state "Internal perception"
Introspection
158
In physics, ______ had been used to study LIGHT and SOUND.
| - TERM, WHO?
introspection
| - Socrates, Wundt
159
In physiology, _______ had been applied to research on the SENSE ORGANS.
- Term, who?
introspection
| - Socrates, Wundt
160
The process by which mental elements are organized.
| - who, term?
Apperception, Wundt.
161
investigate the immediate experiences of consciousness, including sensations, feelings, volitions, and ideas; it also contained the concept of apperception, or conscious perception.
Wundt
162
Nonsense syllables.
| - who?
Ebbinghaus
163
Presented in meaningless series to study memory process.
| - who, term?
Ebbinghaus
| Nonsense syllables
164
First psychologist to investigate learning and memory experimentally.
- who?
Ebbinghaus
165
Learning to criterion: who?
- Repeating the material as many times as necessary to reach a certain level of accuracy.
- Ebbinghaus
166
- Found:
- Primacy and recency effects
- Overlearning helped retention
- small chunks is better than cramming
Ebbinghaus
167
Wundt psychology was experimental, _______ was Empirical.
| - who?
- Empirical
| - Brentano
168
Contributions of Brentano:
- act of psychology
- Relied on systematic observation
- mental acts
169
Advanced two ways to study mental acts:
| who, (2) what?
1. Through memory
2. Thought of imagination
Brentano
170
Educated in philosophy and Law
Stumpf
171
Argued that the primary data for psychology are PHENOMENA. who?
Stumpf
172
Contributed to Phenomenology
Stumpf
173
who was Wundt major rival?
Stumpf
174
"Kind mother" b/c he was always ready to help students with their problems in Wundt's lab.
KULPE
175
- KULPE
| - Participants analyze their experience after the experiment
Systematic experimental introspection
176
Systematic experimental introspection.
| who?
Kulpe
177
Systematic experimental introspection, imageless thought.
| who?
Kulpe
178
Contributions:
1. Structuralism:
2. Introspection
- Nature of elements and their association is important
- Observation is not just looking, involves rigorous training.
- Was stuck in his world of introspection
who?
Titchener
179
WOMEN NOT ALLOWED
Titchener
180
First woman to earn a degree in psychology?
Margaret Floy Washburn
181
Titchener's first doctoral student
Washburn
182
First woman to be admitted to National academy of sciences
Washburn
183
completed her requirements for a PHD in mathematics but denied it because she was a woman. Awarded 44 years later
Christine Ladd Franklin
184
Contributions: Stimulus error
| who?
Titchener
185
Posed 3 essential problems for psych
Titchener
186
```
Theory on color vision:
involves 3 stages:
- Achromatic
- Blue- yellow
-Red- green
```
Christine Ladd Franklin
187
almost fragile because its the last to evolve
| what color? who?
- Red- green almost fragile because its the last to evolve
| - Christine Ladd Franklin
