10

Question 1

The _____ and _____ of the reservoir may be inferred from several methods that serves as sources of information for defining the large-scale structure of the reservoir

Answer 1

physical size and shape

Question 2

The _____ includes information associated with geophysical techniques, such as reservoir architecture

Answer 2

Giga Scale

Question 3

what are the geophysical methods

Answer 3

• Areal Photography
• Satellite Images
• Gravity Method
• Magnetic Method
• Seismic Survey

Question 4

vibrations that propagate from a source, such as an explosion, through the earth until they encounter a reflecting surface and are reflected into a detector

Answer 4

Seismic wave

Question 5

A _____ occurs at the interface between two regions with different acoustic impedances

Answer 5

seismic reflection

Question 6

properties that affect sound wave

Answer 6

• Porosity
• Elasticity
• Fluid Saturation (Bright and Flat Spots)
• Density

Question 7

_____ is a fundamental seismic parameter

Answer 7

Acoustic Impedance

Question 8

a change in acoustic impedance will cause a reflection of the _____

Answer 8

sound wave

Question 9

the ability to reflect a sound wave by a change in acoustic impedance is quantified in terms of the _____

Answer 9

reflection coefficient (R)

Question 10

The _____ is one minus the reflection coefficient

Answer 10

transmission coeffiecient

Question 11

what is the reflection coeffiecient of sandstone on limestone?

Answer 11

0.040

Question 12

what is the reflection coeffiecient of limestone on sandstone?

Answer 12

-0.040

Question 13

what is the reflection coeffiecient of ocean bottom?

Answer 13

0.11 (soft) to 0.44 (hard)

Question 14

other informations that can be obtained from reflection coeffiecient

Answer 14

• shape
• rock type
• depth

Question 15

• it plots seismic amplitudes versus two-way travel time

• the time it takes the seismic wave to propagate from the source to the receiver

Answer 15

seismic trace

Question 16

what means TWTT

Answer 16

Two Way Travel Time

Question 17

_____ occur when a wave encounters a change in acoustic impedance, either because of a change in compressional velocity of the wave as it propagates from one medium to another, or because the bulk densities of the media differ.

Answer 17

Nonzero reflection coefficients

Question 18

when the time/depth conversation is applied to seismic data, it can change the relative depths of seismic amplitudes associated with adjacent traces.

Answer 18

Sonic Log

Question 19

the wavelength of the seismic wave is the _____

Answer 19

velocity of the wave divided by its frequency

Question 20

the _____ is the velocity in a given medium times the period of the wave

Answer 20

wavelength

Question 21

_____ is the length of the wave equal to the velocity V times the period T

Answer 21

Wavelet

Question 22

fundamentals of soundwaves

Answer 22

• Period (T)
• Frequency (f)
• Wavelength

Question 23

The _____ is defined as the duration of one cycle, and is generally measured in microseconds. It corresponds to the time separating two successive positive wave peaks (or negative perks), measuring the same amplitude value in the same direction each time

Answer 23

Period (T)

Question 24

This corresponds to the number of complete cycles per second and is measured in Hertz (Hz)

Answer 24

Frequency (f)

Question 25

1 Hertz is equal to

Answer 25

1 cycle/second

Question 26

This is the distance travelled in one cycle by a wave front

Answer 26

Wavelength

Question 27

the _____ have been of interest primarily as a means of establishing the structural size of the reservoir

Answer 27

seismic analyses

Question 28

With the emergence of _____ and _____, the view of people changed that seismic data could resolve sufficient detail to provide information beyond overall reservoir structure

Answer 28

4-D seismic monitoring and reservoir geophysics

Question 29

The Mega Scale is the scale of reservoir characterization and includes _____

Answer 29

• well logging • well testing • 3D seismic analysis

Question 30

well logs include

Answer 30

• gamma ray • resistivity • density • acoustic (sonic) • neutron • spontaneous potential

Question 31

types of well tests

Answer 31

• drill stem tests • repeat-formation tests/multiple formation tests • drawdown tests • buildup tests • step-rate tests • falloff tests • interference and pulse tests • layered reservoir tests

Question 32

_____ has the potential to image important reservoir parameters in regions between wells

Answer 32

Reservoir geophysics

Question 33

The _____ requires the correlation of seismic data with reservoir properties

Answer 33

reservoir geophysical procedure

Question 34

advantages of reservoir geophysics

Answer 34

• able to see between wells • single realizations enhance communication and understanding

Question 35

what are the elemental compositon of petroleum

Answer 35

• carbon • hydrogen • sulfur • nitrogen • oxygen • metals

Question 36

concerns of reservoir geophysics

Answer 36

• cost of data acquisition and analysis • limited applicability • validity of realization unknown without sensitivity analysis

Question 37

fluid types

Answer 37

• dry gas • wet gas • condensate • volatile oil • black oil • heavy oil

Question 38

two most common types of simulators

Answer 38

Black Oil and Compositional

Question 39

• it assumes that the saturated phase properties of two hydrocarbon phases is dependent on pressure only • can be though of as a Compositional Simulator with only two components

Answer 39

Black Oil Simulator

Question 40

• usually has a six or more components • additional components in the simulator allow for a more accurate modelling of the reservoir • cost of running a compositional simulator increases as the number of components increases

Answer 40

Compositional Simulator

Question 41

examples of Cubic Equations of State

Answer 41

• Redlich-Kwong • Soave-Redlich-Kwong • Peng-Robinson • Zudkevitch-Joffe

Question 42

Fluid Modelling

Answer 42

• Differential Process • Flash Processes

Question 43

usually in the lab, small increments/changes in properties

Answer 43

Differential Process

Question 44

actual process in the production of oil, large increments

Answer 44

Flash Processes

Question 45

_____ are used to correctly represent the fluid as the flow differentially within the reservoir, before being flashed to the surface. It alter solution gas-oil ratio and formation volume factors

Answer 45

corrections

Question 46

_____ are often significant

Answer 46

Oil property corrections

Question 47

lab measurements and tests are useless if the fluid samples obtained do not accurately represent _____

Answer 47

fluids contained in the reservoir

Question 48

_____ uses samples of produced fluids from the separators

Answer 48

subsurface sampling

Question 49

_____ are recombined to resemble reservoir fluids

Answer 49

gas and oil

Question 50

the recombination step assumes accurate measurements such as

Answer 50

• flow data at the surface • gas-oil ratio

Question 51

its goal is to obtain a sample that is representative of the original fluid in the resevoir

Answer 51

Fluid Sampling

Question 52

_____ may then be taken from either the surface or subsurface

Answer 52

Fluid samples

Question 53

it requires a lowering a pressurized container to the production interval & subsequently trapping a fluid sample

Answer 53

Subsurface sampling

Question 54

it is taken, the original in situ fluid, that is, the fluid at reservoir conditions, must then be reconstituted by combining separator gas and separators oil samples

Answer 54

Surface sampling