2 Flashcards by Shelo Collado

When did the Reservoir simulation has been practiced

since the beginning of petroleum engineering in the 1930’s

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Before 1960-Analytical methods

zero-dimensional material balances, and one-dimensional (1D) Buckley-Leverett calculations

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What is the term simulation mean

predictive method that evolve from computer programs that allow solutions of large sets of finite-difference equation

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What are the large sets of
finite-difference equation

✓ Two- and three-dimentional
✓ Transient
✓ Multiphase flow in heterogeneous porous media

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What are the 3 hydrocarbon -recovery methods

✓ Primary Recovery
✓ Secondary Recovery
✓ Tertiary Recovery

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Classification of Primary Recovery

✓ Solution-Gas Drive
✓ Gas-Cap Expansion
✓ Gravity Drainage
✓ Rock Expansion
✓ Water Drive

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Classification of Secondary Recovery

✓ Waterflooding
✓ Pressure Maintenance

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Classification of Tertiary Recovery

✓ Chemical
✓ Thermal
✓ Miscible

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Chemical in Tertiary Recovery includes

✓ Polymer Flooding
✓Surfactant Flooding
✓ Reverse Wetting Agent
✓ Carbonated Waterflood

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Thermal in Tertiary Recovery includes

✓Steam Injection
✓ Hot-Water Injection
✓In-Situ Combustion
✓ Wellbore Heating

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Miscible in Tertiary Recovery includes

✓ Vaporizing-Gas Drive
✓ Enriched-Gas Drive
✓ Alcohol Flooding
✓ CO2 Flooding
✓ Miscible Hydrocarbon Flooding

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During 1970, Conventional include

✓ Depletion
✓ Pressure maintenance

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During 1970, Enhance include

✓ Miscible flooding
✓ Chemical flooding
✓ CO2 injection
✓ Steam or hot-water flooding
✓ In-situ combustion

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A good Simulator must be able to:

✓ Reflect chemical absorption and degradation
✓ Show the emulsifying and interfacial(IFT) reduction effects
✓ Show reaction kinetics
✓ Model thermal effects and equilibrium phase behavior

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The tools of Reservoir Simulation

✓ Intuition and Judgment
✓ Complex mathematical models
✓ Digital computers

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Model

✓ Physical
✓ Mathematical

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Model is usually compose of _____

grid system (cells or gridblocks)

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Types of Models

✓ One-dimentional horizontal
✓ One-dimentional vertical
✓ Areal (two-dimentional)
✓ Cross-sectional (two-dimentional)
✓ Three-dimentional

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• Used to define a bottom water drive
• Determine aquifer activity
• Yield an accurate material balance
• Serve as a screening tool prior to a large complex study
• Gravity drainage simulation
• Sensitivity studies

One Dimensional Model

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2 types of Two Dimensional Model

✓ Areal Model
✓ Cross-sectional model

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It is used if there is very little movement of fluids

Areal Model

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It is used to simulate a sliced field

Cross-sectional model

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types of Three Dimensional Model

✓ Cartesian model
✓ Radial model

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It is used when fluid migration is expected parallel to the strike of a thick steeply dipping bed

Cartesian model

• It is use to study shale breaks, well test, vertical permeability effects, heterogeneity, determine maximum producing rate. • referred to as “conning” models

Radial model

Model equation types:

✓ Black Oil (Beta) models ✓ Compositional Simulator

similar to black oil model in dimension and solution technique

Compositional Simulator

_____ field into large cells is used to save time and money • uses fully implicit formulation

Cartesian model

IMPES

Implicit Pressure, Explicit Saturation

it is current in pressure and solves for saturations after pressures are known

IMPES

it solves for both pressure and saturations simultaneously

Fully Implicit formulation

Data requirements for cell location dependent

• length • width • thickness • porosity • absolute permeabilities (directional) • elevation • pressures • saturations

Data requirements for pressure dependent

• solution gas-oil ratio • formation volume factor • viscosities • densities • compressibilities

Data requirements for saturation dependent

• relative permeability • capillary pressure

Data requirements for well data

• production (or injection) rate • location in grid system • production limitations

refers to cell location by column (∆x)

refers to width (∆y)

refers to layer (∆z)

can be obtain by superimposing grid system on a field map and measuring appropriate distances

length

measured in the same manner as lengths

widths

obtained from seismic data, net isopach maps (for areal and 3D simulations), well records, core analysis and logs (for cross-sectional models)

thickness

the ratio of void space per bulk volume

porosity

the ratio of interconnected pore space to volume

Effective Porosity

the pore space occupied by oil and gas to bulk volume

Hydrocarbon porosity

Porosity is independent on _____ but is dependent on type of _____

rock grain size ; packing

may be found using logs, laboratory analysis, correlations, isoporosity contour maps

porosity

a measure of rock capability to transmit fluids

Absolute Permeability

3 techniques in calculating average permeability values:

• Arithmetic (or parallel) • Reciprocal (or Series/harmonic) • Geometric averaging

Relative permeability must be between _____

zero and one

it is the directional trend of permeabilities

Anisotropy

it is required for cross-sectional and 3D models

Vertical permeabilities

it can be calculated using density gradient adjustment for all cells

pressures

may be assigned to each cell if any given datum is known (gas-oil contact and water-oil contact)

Saturations (So, Sw, Sg)

dissolved gas is required as a function of pressure and based on the pressure in each cell

Solution gas-oil ratio (Rs)

gas which is released from solution remains in contact with the oil

Flash Liberation

the free gas is removed while maintaining the pressure

Differential Liberation

• below bubble point pressure, a decrease in _____ yield lesser volume • above bubble point, (in undersaturated) a decrease in pressure releases no solution gas

Oil formation volume factor

______ increases with decreasing pressure due to expansion

Gas formation volume factor

it is a reduction of flow capability due to the presence of another fluid

relative permeability

relative permeability is based on:

• pore geometry • wettability • fluid distribution • saturation history

at the critical (connate) water saturation, the water relative permeability is zero

Water-oil relative permeability

the ability of the fluid to coat the rock surface

wettability

determined by laboratory air-oil data or by estimating capillary values based on height of the transition zone

Gas-oil capillary pressure

production limitations

• bottom-hole pressures • skin factors • maximum GOR or WOR limits

a laboratory sandpack

Physical

model is simply a set of equations that, subject to certain assumptions, describes the physical processes active in the reservoir

Mathematical

2 Flashcards

(67 cards)