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Neurobiology 1 > 10-2 > Flashcards

10-2 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

We have more ___ than we have ____

A

ORN

Neurons in the bulb

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2
Q

Cells that synapse with ORNs

A

Mitral and tufted cells

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3
Q

How many axons of ORN synapse with one mitral or tufted cell

A

25,000

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4
Q

Glomorulus

A

Junction box where synapse of olfactory cells and mitral/tufted cells occurs

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5
Q

Cells that connect glomoruli for comparing

A

Periglomorular cells

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6
Q

Granule cells

A

Cross connecting cells in the olfactory bulb that process info before sending it to the brain

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7
Q

What does it mean that the olfactory bulb is laminated

A

Has many layers

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8
Q

How many glomoruli per smell

A

One per smell (they are specific to each smell)

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9
Q

Why are the receptors for one particular smell distributed throughout the epithelium and not all in the same area

A

If that one area is destroyed, you will not be able to smell that scent

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10
Q

Outermost layer of the olfactory bulb

A

Olfactory nerve layer

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11
Q

Layer under the olfatory nerve layer

A

Periglomorular cells and astrocytes

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12
Q

Layer under the Periglomorular cells and astrocytes

A

External plexiform

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13
Q

What is located in the external plexiform

A

Axons of mitral and tufted cells

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14
Q

Layer under the external plexiform layer

A

Mitral cell layer (cell bodies here)

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15
Q

Layer under the mitral cell layer

A

Internal plexiform layer

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16
Q

Innermost layer of the olfactory bulb

A

Granule cell layer

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17
Q

How many glomoruli are activated by one specific odorant

A

One or two

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18
Q

Mushroom body

A

Olfactory bulb in drosophila

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19
Q

What axons project throough the olfactory tract to the brain

A

Mitral, tufted, and granule cells

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20
Q

Central projections of the olfactory bulb

A

Olfactory tubricle and pyriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhnial cortex

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21
Q

Parts of the brain involved with emotion that cause smell memories

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A

Pyriform complex and entorhial cortex

22
Q

Part of the brain associated with fear conditioning

23
Q

Functional MRI

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A

Looking for utilization of glucose (area that the brain is active)

24
Q

When is the orbitofrontal part of the brain activated

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A

Pleasant smell

25
When is the pyriform activated
Intense smell
26
When is the amygdala activated
Intense smell
27
Why is the olfactory system better in other mammals than humans
More ORNs and larger olfactory bulb (proportionally)
28
What happens when we are tracing a new scent
Deviating from the main line (but will reach it eventually)
29
What happens to smell tracking when trained
Increased speed and decreased deviation
30
Ozone
Product of lightening or electric arc
31
Humans can detect ozone at ___ molecules per billion in room air
10
32
Humans can detect limonene (lemon) at ___ molecules per billion in room air
15 (easy to smell)
33
Humans can detect alcohol at ___ molecules per billion in room air
2,000 (hard to smell in air, cannot detect in air at a party)
34
Humans change their perception of odor quality based on ____
Concentration
35
Olfactory system can detect minor changes in ___
Molecular structure
36
___ is activated by pleasant scents and ___ is activated by unpleasant scents
Frontal | Cingulate (emotion centers)
37
Zinc gluconate in nose
Was wrongly used against polio and common cold. Kills olfactory receptor neurons
38
Saline, epinephrine, and lidocaine in nose
No effect
39
VNO
Vomeronasal system
40
Another name for the vomeronasal organ
Jacobson organ
41
Function of VNO
Mediate sexual, reproductive (flehman's response), homeostatic, and aggressive responses
42
Stimuli for VNO
Pheromones or kairomones
43
Phermones
Conospecific (same animal)
44
Kairomones
Other animals (eg. rodent detects owl)
45
Classes of odorant receptor in VOR
- V1R | - V2R
46
VNO pathway
Hole > VNO receptors > accessory olfactory bulb (synapses) > amygdala and hypothalamus (processing)
47
Female brain aciviation from estrogen
Anterior hypothalamus
48
Male brain aciviation from estrogen
Posterior hypothalamus
49
Anterior hypothalamus
Hormonal reguation and emotion
50
Posterior hypothalamus
Attratcion and emotion
51
Why do womens periods sync up
Armpits of menstruating women produce estrogen. Another girl will smell and her menstrual cycle will change to match to compete for males

Neurobiology 1 (4 decks)

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