10 - Classification And Evolution 🐵 Flashcards
1
Q
What is classification?
A
the name given to the process by which living organisms are sorted into groups
2
Q
What is taxonomy?
A
the study of the principles behind the classification of organisms, according to their observable features or genetic characteristics
3
Q
What is phylogeny?
A
the study of how closely different species are related and involves the study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms seen in an evolutionary tree
4
Q
Which is the biggest and broadest taxonomic group?
A
Kingdoms
5
Q
What is the order of the hierarchy?
A
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
6
Q
Why do scientists classify organisms?
A
- to identify species
- to predict characteristics
- to find evolutionary links
7
Q
Why is it good to have a single classification system?
A
Scientists globally can share their work and links between different organisms can be seen
8
Q
What are the 3 domains?
A
Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya
9
Q
Define a species
A
A group of organisms that are able to reproduce fertile offspring
10
Q
Why are mules infertile?
A
Their cells contain an odd number of chromosomes (63), meaning meiosis and gamete production can’t take place correctly as all chromosomes pair up
11
Q
What is the classification of humans?
A
Homo sapiens
12
Q
What are ‘common names’?
A
Old classification system based on physical characteristics
13
Q
Why was ‘common names’ classification useless?
A
- organisms may have +1 common names
- different names in different languages
- doesn’t provide info on relationships
14
Q
Who created the binomial nomenclature?
A
Carl Linnaeus
15
Q
What are the 5 kingdoms?
A
Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
16
Q
Features of Animalia kingdom
A
- multicellular
- DNA in nucleus
- membrane-bound
- no cell walls
- heterotrophic feeders
- food stored as glycogen
17
Q
Features of Plantae kingdom
A
- multicellular
- DNA in nucleus
- membrane-bound
- cell wall of cellulose
- autotrophic feeders
- most are immobile
18
Q
Features of Fungi kingdom
A
- uni/multicellular
- DNA in nucleus
- membrane-bound
- no chloroplasts
- cell wall of chitin
- saprophytic feeders
- food stored as glycogen
- no mechanism for movement
19
Q
Features of Prokaryote Kingdom
A
- unicellular
- a ring of ‘naked’ DNA
- no nucleus
- not membrane-bound
- cell wall of peptidoglycan
- nutrients absorbed through cell wall
- move with aid of flagella
20
Q
Features of Protoctista kingdom
A
- mainly unicellular
- DNA in nucleus
- membrane-bound
- cell wall sometimes present
- autotrophic and heterotrophic
- some are immobile, others move by flagella
21
Q
Why does DNA change as organism’s evolve?
A
DNA determines the proteins that are made, which in then determines an organism’s characteriatics
22
Q
What is an example of a protein that has changed its structure over evolution?
A
Haemoglobin differs from humans in chimpanzees by only 1 amino acid, and in gorillas by 3 amino acids
23
Q
What is the domain system groupings based on?
A
- differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cells’ ribosomal RNA
- cells’ membrane lipid structure
- their sensitivity to antibiotics
24
Q
Features of Eukarya
A
- 80S ribosomes
- RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins
25
Features of Archaea
- 70S ribosomes
- RNA polymerase contains between 8 and 10 proteins
26
Features of Bacteria
- 70S ribosomes
- RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins
27
What are archaebacteria?
- ancient bacteria
- can live in extreme environments
28
Why do we have both eubacteria and archaebacteria?
Archaebacteria have been found to be different chemically from eubacteria
29
What is phylogeny?
The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms seen in an evolutionary tree
30
What does a phylogenetic tree show that Linnaean classification doesn’t?
How closely related organism are in their evolutionary relationships
31
What is the root of a phylogenetic tree?
The initial common ancestor
32
What does each node represent in a phylogenetic tree?
A common ancestor that speculated to give rise to two or more daughter taxa
33
What is an outgroup on a phylogenetic tree?
Most distantly related species which functions as a point of comparison
34
What is a clade in phylogenetic tree?
A common ancestor and all of its descendants (a node and all it’s connected branches)
35
Can phylogeny be done without reference to Linnaean classification?
Yes
36
Pros to phylogeny
How does classification use phylogeny?
Uses knowledge of phylogeny to confirm the classification groups are correct or causes them to change
37
Pros to phylogeny
How are phylogeny trees helpful?
The continuous tree is better than classification’s discrete taxonomical groups that not all organisms fit
38
Pros to phylogeny
How is phylogeny less misleading than Linnaean classification?
Linnaean implies different groups within the same rank are equivalent, even if they are not comparable
39
Suggest two ways in which the scientific community are likely to have validated Woese’s work
- reproduce it
- more supporting evidence
- scientific meetings
- peer review
40
What is evolution?
The change in heritable traits of organisms over successive generations
41
What 4 observations did Darwin make about the world around him?
- organisms produce more offspring than survive
- there’s variation in the characteristics of members of the same species
- some of these characteristics can be passed on
- individuals best adapted to environment survive
42
Why do organisms produce more offspring than survive?
- due to selection pressures
- survival of the fittest
43
Why is there variation in the characteristics of the same species?
- favourable characteristics
- survival of the fittest
44
Why are characteristics passed in from one generation to the next?
- increase allele frequency of those favourable characteristics
45
Suggest how information from DNA analysis can be useful to taxonomists?
- can compare DNA
- can compare proportions of bases
46
What evidence is there for evolution?
- palaeontology
- comparative anatomy
- comparative biochemistry
- embryology
- species distribution
47
What are the principles of natural selection?
- Overpopulation = competition
- Variation is due to mutation
- Selection via adaptation (S.otF)
- Adaptation breed and pass on characteristics
48
What does it mean if factors are density dependent?
Size of the population affects it
49
What does it mean if factors are density independent?
Size of the population doesn’t affect it
50
What are density dependent factors impacting selection pressure?
Predators
Available food/shelter
Nutrient supply
Disease
Accumulation of waste
51
What are density independent factors impacting selection pressure?
Phenomena (natural disasters)
Abiotic factors (temp, CO2 levels)
Weather conditions
52
Comparative Anatomy
What are homologous structures?
The underlying structures are similar, but the function may be different
53
Comparative Anatomy
Give an example of a homologous structure
Pentadactyl limb
54
Comparative Anatomy
What does the presence of homologous structure provide evidence for?
Divergent evolution
55
What is divergent evolution?
This describes how, from a common ancestor, different species have evolved with different adaptive features
56
When will divergent evolution occur?
When closely related species diversify to adapt to new habitats due to migration or loss of habitat
57
Palaeontology
Give reasons why the fossil record isn’t complete
- not all found
- some organisms decompose before they have chance to fossilise
58
Palaeontology
How do fossils form?
When an animal or plant remains are preserved in rocks
59
Palaeontology
What is rock strata?
Layers of rock
60
Palaeontology
What do different layers of rock correspond to?
Different geological eras
61
Palaeontology
What does the deeper the rock mean?
Older fossils
62
Palaeontology
How can we determine the age of a fossil?
Radioactive carbon dating
63
Comparative Biochemistry
What is comparative biology the study of?
Similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life provesses
64
Comparative Biochemistry
What are 2 of the most common molecules studied?
Cytochrome C and rRNA
65
Comparative Biochemistry
What 2 types of DNA can be analysed?
Nuclear and mitochondrial
66
Comparative Biochemistry
What does changes in non-functional groups result in?
Neutral evolution due to no effect on function
67
Comparative Biochemistry
Explain how biological molecules can provide evidence species have evolved
- antibodies
- DNA packing around Haiti es
- RNA
- amino acid sequences
68
What is interspecific variation?
Variation between different species
69
What is intraspecific variation?
Variation between the same species
70
What 2 factors cause variation?
- an organism’s genetic material
- the environment in which the organism lives
71
What are the 5 genetic causes of variance?
- alleles
- mutations
- meiosis
- sexual reproduction
- chanve
72
Why may plants be affected greater by their environment than animals?
Due to their lack of mobility
73
What is an example of a characteristic that is determined purely by environmental variation?
The presence of absence of scares on your body - scars can’t be inherited from a parent
74
In most cases, what causes variation?
Both genetic and environmental factors
75
Give an example of a characteristic that shows both environmental and genetic causes
Skin colour
- determined by how much melanin pigment it contains
- exposure to sunlight changes colour
76
What is discontinuous variation?
A characteristic that can only result in certain values
77
Variation determined purely by what falls into discontinuous variation?
genetic factors
78
What graph represents discontinuous variation?
Bar chart
79
What is continuous variation?
A characteristic that can take any value within a range
80
Characteristics that show continuous variation are controlled by what?
Multiple genes and environmental factors, not just a single gene
81
What chart is used to represent continuous variation?
A histogram
82
What are characteristics of normal distribution?
- mean/mode/median are the same
- bell shape graph
- 50% of data is less than mean and 50% is more
- most values lie close to mean
83
What is the shape of a normal distribution curve?
Bell shaped
84
What does standard deviation measure?
How spread out the data is
85
What does students t-test show?
This is used to compare the means of data values of two populations
86
What does spearman’s rank correlation coefficient show?
This is used to consider the relationship of between two sets of data
87
What can data show?
- no correlation
- positive or negative correlation
88
What are adaptations?
Characteristics that increase an organism’s chance of survival
89
Adaptations can be divided into what 3 categories?
- anatomical = physical features
- behavioural = actions
- physiological adaptations = processes
90
Anatomical adaptations
What is body covering?
- animals have a number of different body coverings such as hair, scales, spines, feathers etc
91
Anatomical adaptations
List 3 anatomical adaptations
- camouflage
- teeth
- mimicry
92
Anatomical adaptations
How is Marram grass adapted anatomically to reduce the rate of transpiration?
- curled leaves
- hairs on inside of leaves to trap moisture
- stomata in sunken pits
- thick waxy cuticle
93
Behavioural adaptations
Give an example of survival behaviour
An opossum plays dead and a rabbit freezes when they think they’ve been seen
94
Behavioural adaptations
Give an example of seasonal behaviours
- migration
- hibernation
95
Behavioural adaptations
How is courtship an adaptation?
Many animals exhibit elaborate behaviours to attract a mate
96
Behavioural adaptations
What two categories do behavioural adaptations fall into?
- innate (instinctive) behaviour
- learned behaviour
97
Behavioural adaptations
What is innate behaviour?
The ability to do this is inherited through genes, allowing an organism to survive in the habitat it lives in
98
Behavioural adaptations
What is learned behaviour?
Adaptations learnt from experience or observing other animals
99
Physiological adaptations
How is poison production an example?
Many reptiles produce venom to kill their pray
100
Physiological adaptations
List 3 examples
- poison production
- antibiotic production
- water holding
101
What are analogous structures?
They have adapted to perform the same function but have a different genetic origin
102
Give an example of analogous structures
Tail fins of wake and fish
103
What is convergent evolution?
When unrelated species begin to share similar traits, due to similar environments/selection pressures
104
Give an example of convergent evolution
Marsupials in Australia and placental mammals in the Americas
105
In placental mammals, what happens?
A placenta connects the embryo to its motjer
106
In marsupials, what happens?
Leave the uterus and enter the marsupium (pouch) while they are still embryos and suckle milk here
107
Give examples of convergent evolution
- marsupial and placental micr
- marsupial and placental moles
108
How has a new strain of flavobacterium shows natural selection can be helpful?
A new strain of flavobacterium is waste water from factories that produce nylon 6. This strain of bacteria has evolved to digest nylon and is beneficial for cleaning up factory waste
109
What are the steps of natural selection?
- organisms show variation
- organisms better adapted survive
- successful organisms pass on allele
- repeated over generations
- leads to evolution of new species
110
What selection pressure caused changes in peppered moths?
The Industrial Revolution smog and dirt
111
Why did dark peppered moths become better adapted to their environment?
They were more camouflaged on the darker stained trees than pale moths
112
What happened to the population of pale peppered moths?
Decreased as no longer had a selection advantage
113
Where do sheep blowflies lay their eggs?
In faecal matter around a sheep’s tail - the larvae then hatch and cause sores
114
Why can sheep blowflies no longer be killed with antibiotics?
Developed high level of resistance within 6 years
115
What have scientists studied to see why sheep blowflies had resistance so fast?
DNA of 70 year old species of fly and modern species
116
Where did scientists find resistance when they looked at sheep blowflies DNA?
Resistant alleles were found in both, showing there was pre-existing resistance to the antibiotic
