10. Development in Adulthood

Question 1

What is Bauman’s (2007, p122) interpretation of living in a liquid world?

Answer 1

“In the liquid modern world, the solidity of things and human bonds is resented as a threat… in the cacophony of sounds and the hubbab of sights – a kaleidoscope of constant change – there is no centre around which things could condense, solidify and settle” (Bauman, 2007, p.122

Question 2

What is Heinz (2009, p.7) interpretation of living in a liquid world?

Answer 2

• “Today, becoming adult requires the coordination of multiple transitions and the construction of biographical continuity in view of discontinuities, reversals and detours” (Heinz, 2009, p.7)

Question 3

where are societal changes important?

Answer 3

In Australian society and globally

Question 4

What causes the importance of societal change to raise in the ages of entering marriage and parenthood?

Answer 4

o Tolerance for premarital sex in the context of committed and loving relationships
o Increase in the years devoted to pursuing education and training
o Changing roles of women
o Rise in earnings, but also living costs

Question 5

what is the age range of the emerging adult?

Answer 5

18-25(29)

Question 6

what are the main elements of the emerging adulthood stage?

Answer 6

Intense Identity explorations in the area of work, love and worldviews

Question 7

How is this stage characterised in comparison to other stages of development?

Answer 7

Subjectivity and demographically distinct developmental stage (might be the case in wester, post-industrial societies but not necessarily culturally universal)

Question 8

what are the developmental features of emerging adulthood?

Answer 8

The age of identity explorations, the age of instability, the self-focused age, the age of feeling in-between, the age of possibilities

Question 9

how is development in adulthood characterised?

Answer 9

by a variety of experiences

Question 10

what is development in adulthood influenced by?

Answer 10

cultural, social and personal factors

Question 11

what do theories of adulthood focus on?

Answer 11

on the common elements in diverse experiences - two basic psychosocial needs: to love and to work

Question 12

what are the three important developmental transitions?

Answer 12

couple relationship, parenthood, career

Question 13

what causes internalised social timetables?

Answer 13

Social expectations of couple relationship, parenthood and careers

Question 14

according to the social clock, what is on time?

Answer 14

following of the social timetable

Question 15

according to the social clock, what is off time?

Answer 15

out of phase with peers

Question 16

What are the psychosocial stages of Erikson’s developmental process?

Answer 16

trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt; Initiative vs guilt; Industry vs inferiority; indenitity vs role confusion; Intimacy vs isolation; generativity vs stagnation; ego integrity vs dispair

Question 17

what is the age range of the trust v mistrust stage in Erikson’s developmental process?

Answer 17

Birth - 1 year

Question 18

what is the age range of the Autonomy vs shame and doubt stage in Erikson’s developmental process?

Answer 18

1-3 years

Question 19

what is the age range of the Initiative vs guilt stage in Erikson’s developmental process?

Answer 19

3-6 years

Question 20

what is the age range of the Industry vs inferiority stage in Erikson’s developmental process?

Answer 20

6-12 years

Question 21

what is the age range of the identity vs role confusion stage in Erikson’s developmental process?

Answer 21

12-19 yeas

Question 22

what is the age range of the intimacy v isolation stage in Erikson’s developmental process?

Answer 22

19-25 years

Question 23

what is the age range of the Generativity v stagnation stage in Erikson’s developmental process?

Answer 23

25-50 years

Question 24

what is the age range of the Ego integrity v despaire stage in Erikson’s developmental process?

Answer 24

50-years and older

Question 25

what is the description for the trust v mistrust stage in Erikson's developmental process?

Answer 25

focus on oral-sensory activity; development of trusting relationships with caregivers and of self-trust (hope

Question 26

what is the description for autonomy v shame and doubt in Erikson's developmental process?

Answer 26

Focus on muscular-anal activity; development of control over bodily functions and activities (will)

Question 27

what is the description for initiative v guilt in Erikson's developmental process?

Answer 27

Focus on locomotor-genital activity; testing limits and self-assertion and purposefullness (purpose)

Question 28

what is the description for industry v inferiority in Erikson's developmental process?

Answer 28

focus on mastery, competence and productivity (competence)

Question 29

what is the description for identity v role confusion in Erikson's developmental process?

Answer 29

Focus on formulation of identity and coherent self-concept (Fidelity)

Question 30

what is the description for intimacy v isolation in Erikson's developmental process?

Answer 30

Focus on achievement of an intimate relationship and career direction (love)

Question 31

what is the description for generativity v stagnation in Erikson's developmental process?

Answer 31

focus on fulfillment through creative, productive activity that contributes to future generations (care)

Question 32

what is the description for ego integrity v dispare in Erikson's developmental process?

Answer 32

Focus on belief in integrity of life, including successes and failures (wisdom)

Question 33

In the general description of Erikson's developmental process how does the development of the ego occur?

Answer 33

Development of the ego, or sense of identity ocyrs through a series of stages, each building on the preceding stages and focused on successfully resolving a new psychological crisis between two opposing ego qualities/

Question 34

what is the result of a more favourable resolution at an earlier stage?

Answer 34

the facilitation of achievement of later stages (No stage is fully resolved)

Question 35

In Sternberg's typology of love, what is consumate love?

Answer 35

It is the combination of intimacy, passion and commitment

Question 36

In Sternberg's typology of love, what is Liking?

Answer 36

intimacy alone

Question 37

In Sternberg's typology of love, what is empty love?

Answer 37

decision/commitment alone

Question 38

In Sternberg's typology of love, what is infatuation?

Answer 38

passion alone

Question 39

In Sternberg's typology of love, what does liking + Empty love =?

Answer 39

companionate love (intimacy + commitment)

Question 40

In Sternberg's typology of love, what does empty love + infatuation =?

Answer 40

fatuous love (Passion+commitment)

Question 41

In Sternberg's typology of love, what does liking + Infatuation =?

Answer 41

Romantic love (intamacy v passion)

Question 42

when are attachment styles applicable?

Answer 42

across the entire life span

Question 43

what is a good predictor of an adult's current attachment style and relationship quality?

Answer 43

the adults current view of early attachment relationships (infant attachment = predictive but not 100% determinant)

Question 44

are there similarities between infant and adult attachment?

Answer 44

distribution of attachment styles are similar in infancy and adulthood

Question 45

other than infant attachment, what is another factor that contributes to the attachment style of an adult?

Answer 45

adult relationship experiences

Question 46

what does a positive model of other and a positive model of self provide?

Answer 46

a secure attachment style hence a secure attachment history and a healthy balance of attachment, autonomy and freedom to explore

Question 47

what does a positive model of other and a negative model of self result in?

Answer 47

a preoccupied attachment style: resistant attachment history and desperate for love to feel worthy as a person; worry about abandonment and express anxiety and danger openly

Question 48

what does negative model of other and a positive model of self result in?

Answer 48

Dismissing attachments style: avoidant attachment history. Shut out emotions, defend against hurt by avoiding intimacy, dismissing the importance of relationships and being 'compulsively self-reliant'

Question 49

what does a negative model of other and a negative model of self result in?

Answer 49

fearful attachment style disorgaised-disoriented attachment history. Needs relationship but doubt own worth and fear intimacy; lack coherent strategy for meeting attachment needs

Question 50

what are changing family contexts in society

Answer 50

* Decrease in marriage rates * Increase in cohabitation before marriage * Increase in divorce rates * Increase in lone parent families * However, majority of children still live in ‘intact’ families * increase in average age of first parenting * decrease in number of children per women * increase in number of children born outside of marriage * increase in maternal employment * increase in average maternal employment level

Question 51

what is the most abrupt and complete transition in the lifeline?

Answer 51

parenthood

Question 52

what are the positive and negative changes to life in parenthood?

Answer 52

o Disrupted routine – family, work, social o fatigue o roles become more traditional o sexual relationship deteriorates o conversation decreases o fathers withdraw, spend more time at work

Question 53

what is stage 1 of the family life cycle?

Answer 53

beginning families, transition to parenthood families, families with preschoolers

Question 54

what is stage 2 of the family life cycle?

Answer 54

families with school-aged children, families with adolescents

Question 55

what is stage 3 of the family life cycle?

Answer 55

family as launch centres, empty-nest families

Question 56

what is stage 4 of the family life cycle?

Answer 56

retirement

Question 57

what are the factors of marital satisfaction through the family life cycle/

Answer 57

marital disenchantment and marital re-enchantment

Question 58

which of the wife or husband has decreasing marital satisfaction between pre-parental stage and child-rearing stage?

Answer 58

husband

Question 59

which of the husband or wife has rapidly decreasing marital satisfaction between pre-parental stage and child-rearing stage?

Answer 59

wife

Question 60

which of the husband or wife has a steadily decreasing marital satisfaction between child-rearing and launching?

Answer 60

wife

Question 61

which of the husband or wife has a plateau of marital satisfaction between child-rearing and launching?

Answer 61

husband

Question 62

which of the husband or wife as an rapid increase in marital satisfaction between launching and empty nest?

Answer 62

wife

Question 63

which of the husband or wife has a steady decrease in marital satisfaction between launching and empty nest?

Answer 63

husband

Question 64

what did Charlotte Buhler (1893-1974) theorise and influence on?

Answer 64

career development - specifically organic self-determination

Question 65

what did Charlotte Buhler (1893-1974) say drives adult development?

Answer 65

intentions, goals and self-determination

Question 66

Intentionality as a developmental process of...

Answer 66

choosing life goals, working towards those goals, evaluating goal achievement, selecting new goals

Question 67

lifespan psychological growth depends on...

Answer 67

realistic initial goal-setting, hard work through life to achieve these goals, skilled self-monitoring, assessment and redirection

Question 68

who are the influences of career development in adulthood?

Answer 68

Super, Havinghurst and Levinson

Question 69

In Levinson's theory of career development, what is the age range for early adult transition?

Answer 69

17-22

Question 70

In Levinson's theory of career development, what is the age range of the era preadulthood?

Answer 70

0-22

Question 71

In Levinson's theory of career development, what is the age range of middle transition?

Answer 71

40-45 years

Question 72

In Levinson's theory of career development, what ages does the culmination of life structure for early adulthood occur in?

Answer 72

33-40

Question 73

In Levinson's theory of career development, what age does age 30 transition occur?

Answer 73

28-33

Question 74

In Levinson's theory of career development, what age does age entry life structure for early adulthood occur?

Answer 74

22-28

Question 75

In Levinson's theory of career development, when is the era of middle adulthood?

Answer 75

40-65

Question 76

In Levinson's theory of career development, what is the age range for late adult tansition?

Answer 76

60-65

Question 77

In Levinson's theory of career development, when does culmination of life structure for middle adulthood occur?

Answer 77

55-60

Question 78

In Levinson's theory of career development, when does age 50 transition occur?

Answer 78

50-55

Question 79

In Levinson's theory of career development, when does early life structure for middle adulthood occur?

Answer 79

45-50

Question 80

In Levinson's theory of career development, when is the era of late adulthood

Answer 80

60-death

Question 81

According to Levinson's theory, what is the career development stage for the era of pre-adulthood?

Answer 81

early adult transition

Question 82

In Levinson's theory of career development, what is the career task for the early adult transition stage?

Answer 82

Finding a job and shopping around for a good career fit

Question 83

In Levinson's theory of career development, what type of stage is the early adult transition stage?

Answer 83

transitional

Question 84

In Levinson's theory of career development, what are the career tasks for the entry life structure for early adulthood?

Answer 84

settling on a career and learning its ropes

Question 85

In Levinson's theory of career development, what type of stage is early life structure for early adulthood stage?

Answer 85

stable

Question 86

In Levinson's theory of career development, what are the career tasks for the age 30 transition?

Answer 86

Reappraising an possibly changing career

Question 87

In Levinson's theory of career development, what type of stage is early life structure for age 30 transition?

Answer 87

transitional

Question 88

In Levinson's theory of career development, what are the career tasks for the culminating life structure for early adulthood?

Answer 88

Establishing a niche through ambitious goal achievement

Question 89

In Levinson's theory of career development, what type of stage is early life structure for culminating life structure for early adulthood?

Answer 89

stable

Question 90

In Levinson's theory of career development, what are the career tasks for the mid-life transition?

Answer 90

Reappraising to express 'whole personality'

Question 91

In Levinson's theory of career development, what type of stage is mid-life transition?

Answer 91

transitional

Question 92

In Levinson's theory of career development, what are the career tasks for the entry life structure for middle adulthood?

Answer 92

creating a productive life structure

Question 93

In Levinson's theory of career development, what type of stage is entry life structure for middle adulthood?

Answer 93

stable

Question 94

In Levinson's theory of career development, what are the career tasks for age 50 transition?

Answer 94

assessing and improving career structure

Question 95

In Levinson's theory of career development, what type of stage is age 50 transition?

Answer 95

transitional

Question 96

In Levinson's theory of career development, what are the career tasks for culminating life structure for middle adulthood?

Answer 96

achieving the goals formulated at age 50

Question 97

In Levinson's theory of career development, what type of stage isculminating life structure for middle adulthood?

Answer 97

stable

Question 98

In Levinson's theory of career development, what are the career tasks for late adulthood transition?

Answer 98

preparing for retirement

Question 99

In Levinson's theory of career development, what type of stage is late adulthood transition?

Answer 99

transitional

Question 100

In Levinson's theory of career development, what are the career tasks and stage type for post career retirement?

Answer 100

retirement, stable