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10/ Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms) Flashcards

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1
Q

Is a large group with 25,000 recorded species (but possibly around 50,000).

A

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

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2
Q

The focus of this subject will be more on the common parasitic species of man and animals.

A

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

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3
Q

Under phylum that contains a mix both free-living
and parasitic members, classifications will not be included and the parasitic forms will be arranged by type.

A

Nematoda

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4
Q

(nematos) means=

A

'’threads”

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5
Q

Organs are organized enough to form organ-systems.

A

Organ-system grade

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6
Q

Level of complexity of Phylum Nematoda

A

Organ-system grade

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7
Q

Phylum Nematoda includes:

A

Free-living and parasites

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8
Q

Most important parasitic group: causes economic loss in animal and plant-based livelihoods.

A

Phylum Nematoda

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9
Q

Phylum Nematoda has a _____ shape?

A

Cylindrical

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10
Q

Phylum Nematoda has lack of?

A

Lack of motile cilia or flagella (except in one species)

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11
Q

Phylum Nematoda has an embryonic cell layer of?

A

Triploblastic

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12
Q

Anatomy and Physiology of a Nematode:

A

Epidermis
Muscles
Body cavity
Digestion
Nervous System
Reproduction

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13
Q

Thick, noncellular outer
covering made of collagen
o Comes in several layers
o Shed during growth stages
o Has high turgor (strong and
rigid, but flexible) – protects the
worm from hostile environments

A

Cuticle

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14
Q

The underlying
epidermis (also made on syncytial
tegument) that secretes the cuticle

A

Hypodermis

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15
Q

Epidermis:

A

Cuticle
Hypodermis

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16
Q

Complex; Looks more like nerve cells, with the processes contain contractile fibers (actin and myosin)

A

Muscles

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17
Q

Lie beneath the hypodermis.

A

Muscles

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18
Q

Only contract longitudinally, meaning the worm body can lengthen, shorten, and move in a
whip-like manner.

A

Muscles

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19
Q

The lack of circular muscle fibers means the worm body cannot increase/decrease its diameter.

A

Muscles

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20
Q

Body cavity:

A

Pseudocoelomate

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21
Q

Has a body cavity containing the organs, but does not have a structure called the peritoneum which holds organs in place.

A

Pseudocoelomate

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22
Q

Pseudocoelomate – has a body cavity containing the organs, but does not have a structure called the ________- which holds
organs in place.

A

peritoneum

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23
Q

(pseudo) means=

A

“false/fake”

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24
Q

Gut is complete: consists of a mouth, muscular pharynx, long non-muscular intestine, short rectum, and anus.

A

Digestion

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25
Food is sucked into the mouth by contraction of the strong muscles of the pharynx and then pushed down when the muscles relax.
Digestion
26
Intestines is one cell-layer thick and has no muscles, so food matter can only move through intestine by body movements and by additional food being passed into the intestines.
Digestion
27
Digestion is intracellular by phagocytosis of.
gastrodermal cells
28
Is intracellular by phagocytosis of gastrodermal cells
Digestion
29
Nervous System:
Sensory Papillae Amphids Phasmids
30
Is a ring of nerve tissue and ganglia around the pharynx, which then gives rise to 2 nerve cords (ventral and dorsal nerve cord) that send signals to the rest of the body.
“primitive brain”
31
Found around head and tail
Sensory papillae
32
Pair of complex sensory organs that open on each side of the head, which enters into a pore with dendrites.
Amphids
33
Reduced in parasitic nematodes
Amphids
34
Similar to amphids but found in posterior end only found in parasitic nematodes.
Phasmids
35
Reproduction:
Copulatory spicules
36
Most nematodes are dioecious, some monoecious.
Reproduction
37
Paired testes, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, spicules
Male Reproductive
38
Paired ovaries, paired oviduct, uterus (holds eggs), spermatheca (stores sperms), vagina
Female Reproductive
39
Males are smaller than females
Reproduction
40
Needle-like mating structures found in posterior end of males to facilitate transfer of sperm.
Reproduction
41
Females have a genital pore where sperm is received and eggs are released.
Reproduction
42
Nematode sperm is unique because it does not have flagella and is more like an amoeba.
Reproduction
43
Fertilization is internal and eggs stored in uterus until deposition.
Reproduction
44
Growth from juvenile to adult is through:
molting/shedding of cuticle
45
Life-cycle in parasitic forms may require intermediate hosts * Many parasitic nematodes have free-living juvenile stages
Reproduction
46
Eggs are encased in a highly resistant shell, allowing them to survive in the environment for a long period of time until conditions are good for them or until they enter their hosts (if parasitic)
Reproduction
47
Representative Nematodes are:
FREE-LIVING NEMATODE INTESTINAL ROUNDWORMS HOOKWORMS TRICHINA WORM PINWORM FILARIAL WORMS
48
FREE-LIVING NEMATODE:
Caenorhabditis elegans
49
The most common and well-studied free-living nematode.
Caenorhabditis elegans
50
* Hermaphrodite (only few are males)
Caenorhabditis elegans
51
Transparent and almost microscopic
Caenorhabditis elegans
52
Caenorhabditis elegans has _________ in intestines.
Has gut granules
53
Feeds on bacteria and yeast that develop in decaying organic matter.
Caenorhabditis elegans
54
Often large, parasitic nematodes; The worms can only mature and reproduce in the intestines of their specific host.
INTESTINAL ROUNDWORMS
55
The most common nematode parasite in humans (1.27 billion people infected worldwide “Large Roundworm of Humans”
Ascaris lumbricoides
56
Ascaris lumbricoides Mode of Transmission: (spread via unsanitary defecation habits and accidentally ingesting the eggs)
Feco-oral
57
looks similar to A. lumbricoides, but it is spread by pigs (but can also infect humans)
Ascarias suum (large roundworm of pigs)
58
Life-cycle similar to Ascaris, but juveniles do not migrate to other organs in the dog and just stay in the digestive tract.
Toxocara canis
59
Taxocara canis mode of transmission:
Feco-oral
60
Can infect humans, but do not complete life-cycle in the humans.
Taxocara canis
61
The juvenile/larval forms will just travel/migrate the body and enter organs called:
Visceral larval migrans
62
Intestinal Roundworm of Dogs
Taxocara canis
63
Small nematodes; their anterior end curves, giving it a hook-like appearance, only mature in the intestines of their host.
HOOKWORMS
64
Their mouth possesses large "teeth" plates to cut the intestinal wall of their hosts and their saliva contains_________ to prevent clotting.
Anticoagulant
65
Human hookworm
Necator americanus
66
Life cycle:Eggs are shed with feces of infected individual.
HOOKWORM
67
Whey they come in contact with bare hands/feet of potential host, the ___________ and enter the bloodstream until they reach the intestines.
Larvae penetrates the skin
68
"Canine hookworm"
Ancylostoma caninum
69
Similar-cylcd as Necator with freeiving larval stage
Ancylostoma caninum
70
Can infect humans, but do not complete life-cycle in the humans. Instead, the juvenile/ larval forms will just continue to migrate through the skin called:
Ancylostoma caninum and migrate through the skin called cutaneous larval migrans
71
Small nematodes that tends to curl into a spiral; ovoviviparous (females incubate eggs inside body and "gives birth" larvae.
TRICHINA WORMS
72
Larvae forms cysts in tissue and muscles
TRICHINA WORMS
73
Trichina worm of pork
Trichinella spiralis
74
Mode of transmission in trichinella spiralis:
Eating raw/undercooked pork with encysted juveniles
75
No free-living stage. Spends entire life in host.
Trichina worm of pork
76
Small intestinal nematodes with a characteristic pointed tail, giving it a "pin-like" appearance.
PINWORMS
77
"The human pinworm"
Enterobious vermicularis
78
Life cycle: Female pinworms migrate to anus of host at night to lay their eggs on the wall of the anus.
Enterobious vermicularis
79
Most common nematode parasite in children
Enterobious vermicularis
80
Long, thin nematodes that invades the circulatory and lymphatic system if their host
FILARIAL WORMS
81
Long, thin nematodes that invades the circulatory and lymphatic system if their host; their larval form is called____ ingested by mosquitoes where it develops further into its infective larval stage.
Microfilaria
82
"Human filarial worm"
Human filarial worm
83
Life cycle: humans are infected when bitten by mosquito carrying the infectious larval stage.
Wuchereria bancrofti
84
The larga I'll travel through the circulatory system and enter in the________ to become adults.
Lymphatic system
85
Affected parts (usually legs and arms, sometimes testicles in males) in a disease called:
Elephantiasis
86
"Canine Heartworm"
Dirofilaria immitis
87
Causative agent of Dirofilariasis/Heartworm in dogs
Dirofilaria immitis
88
Mode of transmission of Dirofilaria immitis:
Bite of mosquitos carrying infectious larva

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