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radiology > Neuro spine > Flashcards

Neuro spine Flashcards

1
Q

spinal cord blood supply

A
  • anterior spinal artery-arise BL from termination of vertebral arteries –> join at foramen magnum.
    • Ant 2/3
  • 2 paired pst spinal arteries-from vertebral arteries or PICA; discount and reinforced by multiple segmental or radiculopial branches
  • artery of adamkiewicz (great anterior radiculomedullary artery)
    • 75% from left side aorta btw T8-T11, supplies lower 2/3
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2
Q

conus medullaris-where does it terminate? When should you think tethered cord?

A
  • Terminates at L1

- inferior endplate L2/L3

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3
Q

differences in epidural fat cervical vs lumbar

A

cervical-predom venous plexus

-lumbar-fant ant and pst to cord

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4
Q

epidural lipomatosis

A

HTr of epidural fat in people on CS

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5
Q

Torg-Pavlov ratio

A

used to assess spinal stenosis

-cervical canal diameter : VB width <0.85

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6
Q

which part of spine is stenosis most symptomatic

A

cervical

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7
Q

congenital spinal stenosis

A

usually from short pedicles

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8
Q

degenerative spinal dx-types

A

1) spondylosis deformans-Normal aging. OPh at rim/margin

2) intervertebral osteochondrosis- centered in disc space: nucleus pulposus & VB EPs

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9
Q

osteophytes vs syndesmophytes

A
  • osteophytes-horz/oblique w/ “claw-like” appearance. formed at vertebral margin. DJD/spondylosis
  • syndesmophyte-vertical, symmetric & thinner. Ossification of annulus fibrosis. Seen in ankylosing spondylitis
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10
Q

“high intensity zone” of annulus

A
  • Annular fissure/tear seen on MR.

- fissures are found in all degenerative discs but not all fisursures are visualized as HIZs.

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11
Q

which img is more sensitive than MRI in diagnosis of annular fissure?

A

discography, still not 100%

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12
Q

schmorl node/intervertebral herniation-what, how common, where, appearance acute vs chronic

A
  • herniation of disc material through defect in VB EP into actual marrow
  • v common (75%)
  • lower thoracic/upp spine
  • acute: T2+ (edema), T1- (sim to OM)
  • chronic-sclerotic rim
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13
Q

Scheurermann’s (juvenile kyphosis)-what is it, classic scenario, how many have ass scoliosis?

A

Multiple levels of wedged VBs with associated schmorl’s nodes –> kyphosis (40˚ in thoracic or 30˚ in TL.)

  • thoracic spine of teenager
  • 25% ass scoliosis
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14
Q

limbus vertebra

A
  • herniated disc material btw non-fused apophysis of adj vertebral body
  • fracture mimic!
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15
Q

Disc nomenclature-herniation, bulge

A

Herniation < 25%

Bulge >25%

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16
Q

subtypes disk herniation

A
  • protrusion-base wider
  • extrusion-neck narrower than herniation
  • sequestrum-broken off
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17
Q

localizing herniation in craniocaudal plane

A

-disc, suprapedicle, pedicle, infrapedicle

did sal’s pain increase?

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18
Q

localizing herniation in axial plane-which is MC and most syx

A

central, subarticular (MC), foramina (most syx via rel to dorsal root gang), extraforaminal

-no, he called someone for exedrine

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19
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

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20
Q

MC loc herniation

A

90% at L4-L5, L5-S1

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21
Q

conjoined nerve root

A
  • most common developmental anomaly of nerve root
  • two n roots arise from single dural sleeve
  • app: asymm anterolateral corner of dural sac on axial T1 MRI. N root abscent at one level and duplicated at level below/above
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22
Q

Absolute CI to LP/myelogram

A
  • (+) ICP or obstructed CSF flow
  • bleeding diathesis (hypo coagulable)
  • I allergy
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23
Q

Relative CI to LP

A
  • vary per institution
    1) overlying inf, hematoma, scarring
    2) recent myelogram (<1wk)
    3) hx of seizures
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24
Q

indication for fluoro guided LP

A

1) advanced degenerative spondylosis
2) post surgical change
3) obesity
4) MRI contraindicated

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25
Q

Technical overview LP: where to enter, what to target, direction of bevel

A
  • L2/L3 or L3/L4 (Below conus)
  • target inter laminar space (just off midline)
  • bevel directed opposite direction you’re trying to steer
  • always aspirate before injecting
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26
Q

how to know if you’ve done a successful myelogram?

A
  • contrast pooling at needle tip

- subdural injection in fat around thecal sac if pooling posterior lateral

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27
Q

how to reduce post dural puncture headache

A

small needle (25G, 22G if dx LP)

  • diamond shaped needle tip (non-cutting, atraumatic)
  • replace stylet before withdrawing
  • bevel parallel with fibers to push (not cut)
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28
Q

post dural puncture headache (PDPH)-what, better/worse, time frame, mx

A
  • intracranial hypotension secondary to defect in thecae sac s/p P
  • BL, better laying down, worse sitting up or with straining
  • 24-48hrs (larger leaks earlier)
  • mx- conservative –> blood patch 72 hrs.
  • super severe –> ct head (r/o SDH)
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29
Q

blood patch

A

inject 3-20cc of pts own blood into epidural space near original puncture site

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30
Q

Failed Back Surgery Syndrome

A

recurrent or residual LBP after disk surgery.

40%

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31
Q

complications of spine surgery

A

1) recurrent residual disk- no enhancement
2) epidural fibrosis-posterior, enhance homogeneously on delayed img
3) arachnoiditis- >6wk=abN

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32
Q

“clumped n roots”, “empty thecae sac”

A

arachnoiditis

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33
Q

post spinal surgery scar vs residual disc

A

both look like a bunch of mushy crap

  • scar homogenous enhances delayed
  • residual disc-no enh
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34
Q

Odontoid fracture types-which is most common? At risk of non-union? Best prognosis? Which are unstable?

A

1) upper part 2/2 avulsion alar ligament. Rare
2) most common. fx at base. High non-union rate. unstable.
3) dens–> body of C2. best prognosis for healing. Unstable

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35
Q

how many people with Jefferson fx have ass C2 fx

A

30%

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36
Q

Jefferson fracture- MOA, app, neuro dam?

A
  • axial loading injury
  • ant and pst arches blown out laterally –> widening lateral masses-increased distance btw masses and dens
  • minimal cord dam
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37
Q

os terminale

A

apophysis at orthotropic aspect of dens

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38
Q

os odontoideum

A

os terminale + hypoplastic dens. Ass with Morquio’s syndrome.

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39
Q

dystopic os terminale/odontoideum

A

fused to clivus

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40
Q

hangman fx-moa, app, neuro damage, associated injuries

A
  • chin hits dashboard
  • BL pars defect at C2 (or pedicle, less likely –> ass ant subluxation C2 (>2mm)
  • cord damage uncommon (pars defect widens canal)
  • ass: avulsion ALL –> fx anterior inferior corner of C2
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41
Q

flexion teardrop-moa, appearance, neuro dam

A
  • hyperflexion. impaction injury. “ran into a wall”

- ant inferior body fracture –> pst sublux –> anterior cord syndrome (85% neuro defects)

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42
Q

extension teardrop

A
  • hyperextension, distraction injury, “hit from behind”
  • avulsion ALL –> ant/inf body fracture
  • more stable (stable in flexion, unstable in extension)
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43
Q

clay shoveler’s fracture-moa, app, associated sign

A
  • avulsion lower cervical/upper thoracic SP (C7 MC)
  • forceful hyperflexion
  • “ghost sign”-caudal displacement of broken SP –> double sinus process at level above on AP radiograph
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44
Q

Chance fracture-moa, where, associations

A

Flexion/distraction fx

  • lap band seat belt, high ass organ trauma
  • 3 column
  • upper lumbar, TL levels
45
Q

“ghost sign”

A

Caudal displacement of broken SP –> double sinus process at level above on AP radiograph

46
Q

Facet dislocation spectrum

A

sublux –> perched –> locked

47
Q

UL vs BL facet dislocation

A

UL-hyperflex + rotation. Stable

BL-severe hyperflex –> disruption PLL –> VB ant disloc 1/2 the AP diam. Highly US

48
Q

inverted hamburger sign

A

subluxed facet dislocation

49
Q

Atlantoaxial instability-distance cut off, associations, special about kids, usual fakeout?

A
  • ant arch C1 & dens > 5mm (for children, 2.5 mm for adults)
  • DS, juvenile RA
  • kids can have rotation w/o fracture. NEVER in adult (unless DS, RA).
  • head tilt in scanner
50
Q

transverse cruciform ligament

A

straps dens to ant arch of C1

51
Q

pars interarticularis defect (spondylolysis or adult isthmus spondylolisthesis)-MOA, location, cause of pain, “pseudo-disc”

A
  • repetitive micro trauma related to hyperetension
  • 90% L5/S1
  • pain via radiclopathy of L5 at L5/S1
  • “pseudo-disc”-ass deformed annular fbrs
52
Q

ways to assess unstable spinal fracture

A

1) acute segmental kyphosis >11˚
2) acute anterolisthesis > 3-4 mm
3) gross motion on flexion/extenion imaging
4) power ratio, Harris lines
5) spinal column theory

53
Q

power ratio

A

basion/pst spinolaminar line distance: ant arch of atlas/opisthion line distance.
->1= unstable ligament

54
Q

Harris lines rule of 12

A

both basion-dens and basion-posterior axial distance <12mm

55
Q

occipitocervical instability-causes, ways to assess

A
  • causes=trauma, DS, or congenital

- powers ration & Harris lines rule of 12

56
Q

Denis 3 spinal column concept-when to use

A
  • Thoracolumbar (lower cervical) spinal fractures
  • anterior column: ALL–> ant 2/3 VB
  • middle column: pst 1/3 VB –> PLL
  • pst column: posterior ligaments & elements.
57
Q

How does management change with an unstable fracture?

A

stabilized via internal fusion or external bracing/reduction

58
Q

Canadian C-spine rule

A
  • age >65yrs
  • paresthesia
  • dangerous mech: fall >3ft or 5 stairs, axial load to head, high speed MVA, pedestrian vs car, hulk smash
59
Q

Nexus criteria

A
  • focal neuro deficit
  • ML tenderness
  • altered LOC
  • intoxication
  • distraction injury
60
Q

criteria for imaging spine in trauma

A
  • Canadian C spine Rule

- Nexus Criteria

61
Q

unstable spine fractures

A
  • atlanto-occipital and Atlanta-axial dislocations
  • odontoid 2, 3
  • Jefferson
  • Hangman
  • flexion tear drop
  • extension tear drop in extension *(Eek!)
  • vertebral overriding >3mm (subluxation) or angulation > 11 degrees
  • BL facet dislocation/sublux
  • 2 con’t or 3 column thoracolumbar
62
Q

stable spine fractures

A
  • odontoid type 1
  • extension tear drop (in flexion)
  • clay shoveler’s
  • UL facet dislocation
  • TP fracture
  • single column
63
Q

types of spinal cord syndromes related to trauma. Which is really bad?

A
  • anterior cord- worst
  • brown sequard-
  • central cord-
  • posterior cord-
64
Q

Central cord syndrome-who, deficit

A
  • old lady w/ spondylosis or young person with bad extension injury
  • UE > lower (coricospical tracts are lateral in LE)
65
Q

anterior cord syndrome- mech and deficit

A
  • mech: flexion injury

- immediate paralysis

66
Q

brown sequard syndrome-mech and deficit

A
  • mech: rotation or penetration
  • IL motor and proprioception/tactile/vibration
  • CL pain & T
67
Q

posterior cord syndrome- mech and deficit

A
  • uncommon
  • hyperextension
  • loss of proprioception/tactile/vibration
68
Q

AVFs/AVMs types

A

1) dural AVF w/ single coiled vessel-MC
2) intramedullary nidus
3) juvenile
4) intradural perimedullary

69
Q

type 1 spinal avm/avf

A

-dural AVF w/ single coiled vessel

70
Q

which is the most common spinal AVF/AVM?

A

type 1 (dural AVF)

71
Q

type 2 spinal avm/avf- what, risks, mc pres, ass

A

intramedullary nidus from anterior or pst spinal a.

  • aneurysms –> bleed
  • mc pres=sah
  • ass=hht, KTS (or other vascular syndromes)
72
Q

type 3 spinal avm/avf-who? prognosis?

A

Juvenile

  • v rare, complex
  • horrible prognosis
73
Q

type 4 spinal avm/avf-what, subtypes, where

A
  • Intradural perimedullary
  • subtypes: single vs multiple arterial supply
  • near conus
74
Q

Foix Alajouanine syndrome- pathophys, what, classic hx, img

A
  • vascular malformation (dural AVF) –> venous HTN –> congestive myelopathy
  • 45 yr old male with LE weakness & sensory deficits
  • img: T2+ cord (edema) + FVs (serpentine, punctate, serpiginous) (vs CSF pupation artifacts=blob like)
75
Q

hydromyelia vs syringomyelia

A
  • hydromyelia-lined by ependyma

- syringomyelia-not lined by ependyma

76
Q

syrinx-what, causes, img

A
  • central cord dilation
  • 90% congenital (Chiari I, II, DW, KF, myelomeningoceles)
  • 10% acquired (trauma, tumor, vascular insufficiency)
  • central T2+ dilation surrounded by totally normal cord
77
Q

myelopathy

A
  • diseased spinal cord

- usually from disc/OP compression

78
Q

“owl’s eye sign”

A

spinal cord infarct

79
Q

spinal cord infarct-causes, app

A
  • MC ant a –> central/anterior horn T2+ (GM most vulnerable to itch.) Long segment (>2 VBs), diffusion.
  • idiopathic=mc
  • aortic aneurysm stent graft
  • emboliizaiton bronchial artery
80
Q

5 categories Spinal demyelination (T2/Flair hyperintensity

A

1) demyelinaiton
2) tumor
3) vascular
4) inflamm
5) infectious

81
Q

MS in the cord-appearance, MC loc, how often isolated, when you see atrophy.

A
  • short segment, affecting part of cord
  • cervical
  • isolated lesion ~10%
  • +/- atrophy if disease burden large
82
Q

Transverse myelitis-what, causes, app, types

A

-focal inflammation/enlargement of cord (2/3 cross sectional area), long segm
-causes-infectious, post-vaccination, rabies, SLE, Sjogren’s, paraneoplastic, AVMs)
-“acute partial”= <2 segms. Higher risk for dev MS
“acute complete” - >2 segms

83
Q

acute partial vs acute complete TM-which has higher risk MS?

A

acute partial

84
Q

ADEM spinal demyelination-what, blood test

A
  • dorsal WM (but can involve GM)
  • anti-MOG IgG+ 50%
    • brain lesions usually
85
Q

Neuromyelitis optica of the spine-aka, what part of CNS is favored/who gets brain lesions, appearance, pathophys.

A
  • “Devics”-Optic n and cervical cord. Monophasic or relapsing
  • longer segm, full transverse
  • brain lesions (periVt) MC in asian people.
86
Q

pathophys of periVt lesions in NMO?

A

NMO IgG –< aquaporin 4 channels, which are found in highest conc around Vts.

87
Q

Subacute combined degeneration-pathophys, mc loc, sign

A
  • vitB12 deficiency
  • BL, symmetric, dorsal columns, no enh
  • “inverted V sign” (V for vitamin)
  • upper thoracic –> asc or desc
88
Q

HIV vacuolar myelopathy-who, MC findings

A
  • mcc sc dysfunction in untreated AIDS, ie: late finding
  • atrophy=MC (thoracic mc, cervical –> rostral progression)
  • T2 signal symmetric pst columns (like SACD)
89
Q

appearance of posterior artery ischemia

A

UL (sim to MS)

90
Q

arachnoiditis-what, causes, img

A
  • inflamm of SAS
  • infection, post-surgical (10-15%)
  • empty thecal space sign-n roots adherent peripherally
  • central nerve root clumping-form single central scarred band
91
Q

Guillain barre syndrome-what, causes, appearance, MC CN involved?

A
  • acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP)
  • ascending flaccid paralysis
  • causes: campylobacter, surgery, lymphoma, SLE
  • enh of nerve roots of caudate equina (ant > pst)
  • FN=mc cn
92
Q

chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)-what, img

A
  • chronic counterpart to GBS (GBS improved in 8 wks)
  • gradual, protracted weakness
  • “thickening enhancing “onion bulb” nerve roots. “dreadlocks, locs, data”
93
Q

Spinal cord tumor locations

A

intramedullary, extra medullary intramural, extradural

94
Q

intramedullary spinal tumors

A
  • astrocytoma-mc in peds
  • ependymoma-most common in adults
  • hemangioblastoma-VHL
  • mets-lung (70%)
95
Q

spinal astrocytoma-who, where, img

A
  • MC sc tumor in peds
  • upper thoracic
  • fusiform dilation of cord over multiple segments
  • eccentric, T1-, T2+, hetero enh
  • +/- rostral, caudal cysts (benign syrinx’s)
  • expansile remodeling of the osseous spinal canal.
96
Q

spinal ependymoma-who, where, img

A
  • MC sc tumor in adults
  • lower spinal cord/conus/FT (can be in cervical)
    • myxopapillary form-conus/FT
  • hemorrhage, dark T2 cap (hemosiderin), tumoral cysts 1/4, long segm (~4), central loc, homogenous enhancement.
97
Q

spinal astrocytoma vs ependymom

A
  • AC=pediatric. upper cord. eccentric. hetero enh

- Epend=adult, lower cord, central, homog enh, T2 dark cap

98
Q

spinal hemangioma-who, where, classic look

A
  • VHL 30%
  • thoracic –> cervical
  • wide cord + sign edema. +/- Adjacent serpiginous draining meningeal varicosities
99
Q

intramedullary mets

A

v rare

-lung 70%

100
Q

VHL associations

A
  • pheochromotyoma
  • CNS hemangioblastoma (Cerebellum 75%, spine 25%)
  • endolymphatic sc tumor
  • pancreat cysts, islet cell tumors
  • Clear cell RCC
  • papillary cyst adenoma of epididymis
  • epididymal cysts
101
Q

extra medullary intradural spinal cord tumors

A

schwannoma-MC
NF
Meningioma
Drop mets

102
Q

SC schwannoma-where, ass if multiple, app

A
  • mc extra medullary intramural spinal cord tumor
  • solitary lesion from dorsal nerve root
  • mult=NF2, carney complex
  • dumbbell shape-skinny handle in intraforaminal component
  • T1-, T2+, enh
  • central necrosis or hem
103
Q

SC neurofibroma-what, img, malignancy

A
  • involve who nerve + sheath
  • 2 types=solitary + plexiform
  • target sign-T2 dark centrally + bright rim
  • malignant degeneration 5-10%-think if rapid growth

Difficult or impossible to distinguish solitary NF from schwannoma by imaging
NF more often fusiform
Target sign more common with NF than schwannoma
Hemorrhage, cystic or fatty degeneration more common with schwannoma

104
Q

-plexiform SC neurofibroma

A
  • ML bulky n enlargement

- pathogenomoic for NF 1

105
Q

SC meningioma–who, where, img

A
  • F (70%)
  • pstlat thoracic spine, anterior cervical spine
  • T2+, T1 iso/+, homog enh+, Ca
106
Q

Drop mets-which cancers. Classic sign?

A
  • MB= MC 1˚
  • 2˚- breast –> lung –> melanoma
  • “zuckerguss”-coat cord, nerve roots
107
Q

Extradural sc tumors

A

-vertebral hemangioma
-osteoid osteoma
-osteoblastoma
-ABC
-GCT
-chordoma
-leukemia
mets-prostate, breast, lung, lymphoma, myeloma

108
Q

vertebra plana

A

pancake flat VB

  • kids: eusinophilic granuloma, NB met
  • adults: Mets/myeloma in adult.
109
Q

what is special about vertebral chordomas

A
  • more aggressive/malignant

- classic story: involvement 2+ adj VBs 2/ intervening disc

radiology (31 decks)

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