Chapter 14 - Families Flashcards
Reciprocal Socialization
The bidirectional process by which children socialize parents just as parents socialize them
Multiple Developmental Trajectories
Concept that adults follow one trajectory and children and adolescents another one; understanding how these trajectories mesh is important
Adult developmental trajectories include timing of entry into marriage, cohabitation, or parent-hood; child developmental trajectories include timing of child care and entry into middle school. The timing of some family tasks and changes are planned, such as reentry into the workforce or delaying parenthood, whereas others are not, such as job loss or divorce
Authoritarian Parenting
A restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent’s directions and to respect their work and eff ort. Firm limits and controls are placed on the child, and little verbal exchange is allowed. This style is associated with children’s social incompetence, including a lack of initiative and weak communication skills.
Authoritative Parenting
This style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturant toward the child. This style is associated with children’s social competence, achievement orientation, and self-reliance.
Neglectful Parenting
A style in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child’s life. It is associated with children’s social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control and poor self-esteem.
Indulgent Parenting
A style in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them. This is associated with children’s social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control and a lack of respect for other
Acculturation
Cultural changes that occur when one culture comes in contact with another culture
Dyadic and Polyadic
Dyadic (involving two people) and some polyadic (involving more than two people).
The father and child represent one dyadic subsys-tem, the mother and father another; the mother-father-child represent one polyadic subsys-tem, the mother and two siblings another
Advantages of having children early or late?
Having children early (in the twenties) are these: (1) the parents are likely to have more physical energy—for example, they can cope better with such matters as getting up in the middle of the night with infants and waiting up until adolescents come home at night; (2) the mother is likely to have fewer medical problems with pregnancy and childbirth; and (3) the parents may be less likely to build up expectations for their children, as do many couples who have waited many years to have children.
Advantages to having children later (in the thirties): (1) the parents will have had more time to consider their goals in life, such as what they want from their family and career roles; (2) the parents will be more mature and will be able to benefit from their experiences to engage in more competent parenting; and (3) the parents will be better estab-lished in their careers and have more income for child-rearing expenses
4 main types of child maltreatment
Physical abuse, child neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse
3 important characteristics of sibling relationships
- Emotional quality of the relationship. Both intensive positive and negative emotions are often expressed by siblings toward each other. Many children and adolescents have mixed feelings toward their siblings.
- Familiarity and intimacy of the relationship. Siblings typically know each other very well, and this intimacy suggests that they can either provide support or tease and undermine each other, depending on the situation.
- Variation in sibling relationships . Some siblings describe their relationships more positively than others. Thus, there is considerable variation in sibling relationships. We previously indicated that many siblings have mixed feelings about each other, but some children and adolescents mainly describe their sibling in warm, affectionate ways, whereas others primarily talk about how irritating and mean a sibling is.
Increasingly a domain-specific approach to socialization is being emphasized. One recent proposal focuses on five domains, each linked to specific child outcomes. The five domains are:
Protection, reciprocity, control, guided learning, and group participation
Sibling relationships include:
Conflict and fighting but also helping, teaching, sharing, and playing—and siblings can function as rivals, emotional supports, and communication partners.
Birth Order
Related in certain ways to child characteristics. Firstborn children are more self-controlled, conforming, and argumentative; have more guilt and anxiety; and excel academically and professionally compared with later-born children
