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LMAP2 > Adult Health > Flashcards

Adult Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main heath inequalities related to men’s health in the UK?

A

Live shorter lives

Suffer life-limiting disease sooner

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2
Q

What are the three main health issues that affect exclusively men?

A

Erectile dysfunction
Testosterone
Prostate problems

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3
Q

What does the UK government define sex as?

A

The biological aspects of an individual as determined by their anatomy which is produced by their chromosomes, hormones and their interactions - Male or female

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4
Q

What does the UK government define gender as?

A

A social construction relating to behaviours and attributes based on labels of masculinity and femininity; gender identity is a personal, internal perception of oneself and so the gender category someone identifies with may not match the sex they were assigned at birth

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5
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of death in which Women’s life expectancy is affected more than men?

A

Breast cancer
Cervix uteri cancer
Alzheimer’s disease

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6
Q

When compared to females, the increased mortality associated with being male is driven predominantly by?

A

Exposure to occupational and environmental risks

Health seeking behaviours: Men are far less likely to ask for help when they need it

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7
Q

In which sex is suicide most common in?

A

Men

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8
Q

What is the WHO definition of self-care?

A

What people do for themselves to establish and maintain health and to prevent and deal with illness

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9
Q

Outline the 7 pillars of self-care framework

A 
Knowledge and health literacy 
Mental wellbeing
Physical activity 
Healthy eating
Risk avoidance
Good hygiene
Rational use of products and services
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10
Q

What are the main social, cultural and political factors of chronic disease?

A

Globalisation
urbanisation
Ageing population

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11
Q

What are the main personal risk factors of chronic disease?

A

Unhealthy diet,
Physical activity
Tobacco use
Excess alcohol (age and genes)

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12
Q

What are the intermediate risk factors of chronic disease?

A

Raised blood pressure
Raised blood glucose
Abnormal blood lipids
Overweight/obesity

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13
Q

What are the main chronic diseases?

A 
Heart disease
Stroke
Cancer
Lung Disease
Diabetes
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14
Q

What are the 3 main principles of self-care of communicable diseases?

A

Risk avoidance - school closures, lockdown measures, and social distancing

Good hygiene: hand washing, sanitiser gel, contact tracing app

Awareness and literacy: Health literacy, public health messaging, shielding high risk groups

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15
Q

What does flattening the curve mean with self-care?

A

Self-care reduces the chance to which the health system capacity is reached

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16
Q

Name 3 places where you can find self-care information?

A

1) Sustainable development
2) WHO guideline
3) Country level

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17
Q

What are the common promotions of self-care behaviours?

A 
Activation 
Incentivisation
Nudges
Gamification 
Personalisation
18
Q

What are the common self-care behaviours?

A 
Lifestyle medicine
lifestyle over drugs
Person centred medicine
Doctors as coaches
The democratisation fo self-care
Health in all policy approach
19
Q

Outline some of the self-care technologies/enablers available?

A

Health apps

Wearables

20
Q

Outline examples of health apps

A

300,000+ health apps: eHealth and mHealth, Internet of things, Diagnostics, Fitness trackers, Internet pharmacies, Social media platforms, AI

21
Q

Outline examples of wearables

A

1000+ wearables: Blood pressure monitor, Sleep apnoea monitor, Glucometer, Breath-analysis, Pedometer, Heart rate, Mood assessment

22
Q

Which drug is methadone prescribed as a safe substitute for?

A

Heroin

23
Q

What type of drug is heroin?

A

An opioid

24
Q

What is the function of methadone?

A

Reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings for other opioids

25
Q

How is methadone adminsitered?

A

Taken as a liquid orally rather than as injection

26
Q

What list is Methadone on?

A

World Health Organisation’s Model List of Essential Medicines

27
Q

Define alcohol misuse

A
  • > 14 units/week
  • > 8 units/session for men
  • > 6 units/session for women
28
Q

What is the relationship between socioeconomic status and alcohol misuse?

A

Inversely proportional

29
Q

What are the screening tools available for alcohol?

A

Audit-C

30
Q

What is the pathway of management of a patient with a harmful alcohol use?

A

Brief advice
Self-help resources
Follow-up appointment

If successful -
Extended brief interventions and/or cognitive behavioural therapy

31
Q

What are the symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal?

A 
Hypertension 
Tachycardia
Sweating
Tremor
Agitation
Confusion, seizures, hallucinations: Delirium tremenes
32
Q

What vitamin deficiency is the primary cause for Wernicke’s encephalopathy?

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

33
Q

What are the symptoms are Werncike’s encephalopathy?

A

Gait and balance disturbance
Altered Consciousness
Eye Movement abnormalities

34
Q

What is the treatment for Wernicke’s Encephalopathy?

A

IV Thiamine

35
Q

What should a patient do prior to a planned withdrawal?

A

Advise not to stop drinking immediately
Inform the DVLA and stop driving
Assessed for alcohol related comorbidities requiring specialist care: mental illness, liver disease and pancreatitis

Patients are likely to require oral thiamine

36
Q

What situation should primary care be offered?

A

The patient is at reduced risk of adverse outcomes

Under the supervision of a GP with a special interest in substance misuse

37
Q

What does chlordiazepoxide bind to?

A

Stereospecific benzodiazepine (BZD) binding sites on GABA (A) receptor complexes at several sites

38
Q

Where are GABA-A receptors located within the CNS?

A

Limbic system

Reticular formation

39
Q

What does chlordiazepoxide do?

A

Increased binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA to the GABA A receptor

40
Q

What does acamprosate do?

A

Act as an NMDA receptor antagonist and positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors, reducing cravings

41
Q

What are the two ways to maintain abstinence?

A
  • Acamprosate: believed to act as an NMDA receptor antagonist and positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors; reducing cravings
  • Talking Therapy; to prevent relapse
42
Q

Which hormone is released during stress and is priortised?

A

Cortisol

LMAP2 (15 decks)

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