Population health and inequalities

Question 1

What are the determinants of health?

Answer 1

Biology/genetic environment
Health care system
Physical environment

Question 2

What are the wider determinants of health?

Answer 2

Social
Economic
Environment

Question 3

What is the policy rainbow?

Answer 3

The public health approach to health suggests that some of wider determinants of health (e.g. the physical
environment or environmental conditions) are outside of our control but some (e.g. personal lifestyle) are and
while can be influenced by external factors, these also have an element of individual responsibility.

Question 4

What does the central layer of the rainbow represent?

Answer 4

Age
Sex
Constitutional factors

There are pre-determine factors and are non-modifiable

Question 5

What does the second layer of the policy rainbow represent?

Answer 5

Physical activity levels
Diet
Drug use
Amount of sleep

It represents individual lifestyle

Question 6

What are social and community networks?

Answer 6

An individuals involvement and contribution within their local community and the social connections they maintain play a crucial role in health and well-being of a population

Question 7

What is a determinant?

Answer 7

People are products of their environment
People have no choices of responsibility for their own health

Overtly literal interpretation

Question 8

What is a non-communicable disease?

Answer 8

Wider determinants shape whether you develop these diseases including heart disease and diabetes

Question 9

What are the impacts on children with poor housing?

Answer 9

Have lower academic attainment and a higher risk of unemployment and poverty

Overall, there are poorer health outcomes

Question 10

What is stress and anxiety associated with, in terms of comorbidities?

Answer 10

Hypertension

Question 11

A physical disability can increase the risk of what?

Answer 11

Developing an unhealthy weight

Question 12

Low levels of sexual and reproductive health education can increase the risk of what?

Answer 12

Cervical cancer

Question 13

What does socioeconomic status apply to?

Answer 13

Applies to a person

Question 14

What does deprivation apply to?

Answer 14

To a specific area

Question 15

Eduction correlates with what?

Answer 15

Better health

Question 16

What are markers of socioeconomic status?

Answer 16

Education
Income
Occupation

Question 17

What are the characteristics typically associated with a deprived area?

Answer 17

Lower income
Poorer employment
Worse schools

Question 18

What is deprivation?

Answer 18

Deprivation is a technical measure of an area and the UK is one of only a handful of countries that measures
deprivation.
Considers both material and social deprivation

Question 19

What does deprivation take into account?

Answer 19

Income
Employment 
Education, skills and training
Health deprivation and disability 
Housing and services
Living environment
Crime and disorder

Question 20

What index is available for identifying how deprived an area is?

Answer 20

The English Index of Multiple Deprivation

Question 21

What is the inverse care law?

Answer 21

Poor communities are typically more poorly saved, the most deprived neighbourhoods have least access to health services, lower quality and fewer in number

Affluent professionals choose not to work there, they seek services less

There is a perverse relationship between the need for healthcare and its actual utilisation. Those who need medical care are least likely to receive in, those with least need = tend to use health services more and more effectively

Question 22

What is absolute risk?

Answer 22

The risk of developing disease of a time period

Question 23

What is relative risk?

Answer 23

The risk of developing something compared to another group of people

Question 24

What are used as indicators in a population?

Answer 24

Incidence and prevalence