Cardiovascular anatomy

Question 1

What are the layers of the blood vessels

Answer 1

Tunica intima

Tunica media

Tunica Externa

Question 2

what is the tunica intima and endocardium made of?

Answer 2

Epithelial cells

Basement membrane

Connective tissue

Question 3

what are the myocardium and tunica media composed of?

Answer 3

smooth muscle

Elastic tissue

Question 4

What are the epicardium and tunica externa composed of?

Answer 4

A comprises loose fibrocollagenous tissue.

Question 5

Describe the endocardium

Answer 5

E - endocardium thin layer in a ventricle. This is lined by a single layer of flattened endothelial cells,

Lines heart chambers
Simple squamous epithelium sitting on basement membrane
Sits on connective tissue
Forms valves

Question 6

Describe the myocardium

Answer 6

M - myocardium

Thick middle later
Cardiac muscle - branching fibres
Striated muscle
Lots of mitochondria
Single central nucleus
Rich capillary bed
Muscle bundle in different plants to close down chamber lumen
Myocytes connected by intercalated discs

Question 7

Describe the epicardium

Answer 7

Epicardium (P) (visceral pericardium)

Outer later
Simple squamous epithelium + Bm + connective tissue
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
Contains main branches of coronary arteries
May be fatty

Question 8

Describe the structure of arteries

Answer 8

Thick muscle wall
Smaller, rounded
Thin adventitia

Question 9

Describe the structure of veins

Answer 9

Thin muscle wall
Larger, flattened
Thick adventitia
Valves

Question 10

Name the types of arteries and give examples

Answer 10

Elastic - aorta
Muscular - coronary arteries
Arterioles

Question 11

Name the two sinuses formed within the serous pericardium during embryological development

Answer 11

transverse sinus–between arterial and venous ends
oblique sinus–potential space behind LA

Question 12

Where are the surface projections of the 4 corners of the heart?

Answer 12

3rd right CC
2nd left CC
6th right CC
left 5th interspace

Question 13

Referred pain from the pericardium may be felt where?

Answer 13

skin over shoulder tip
phrenic nerve supplies pericardium and phrenic nerves are branches of the cervical plexus (C3,4,5)

Question 14

Name the 3 notches on the manubrium of the sternum

Answer 14

central suprasternal or jugular notch
two lateral clavicular notches

Question 15

Where are the transverse and oblique pericardial sinuses located?

Answer 15

When the pericardium is opened anteriorly during surgery, a finger is places in the transverse sinus separated arteries from begins

hand is places under the apex of the heart and moved superiorly slips into the oblique sinus

Question 16

In which clinical condition may a collateral circulation open up using the anastamoses between A and P intercostal arteries?

Answer 16

coarctation of aorta

Question 17

What is a flail chest?

Answer 17

Flail chest is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when a segment of the rib cage breaks due to trauma and becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall. Two of the symptoms of flail chest are chest pain and shortness of breath.

multiple fractures, segment of chest wall is free to move independently and paradoxically

Question 18

What is the function of the azygous system?

Answer 18

drains the posterior wall of the trunk
connects the IVC and SVC