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PPPVN > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Define nutrition

A

Process of providing/obtaining food necessary for health and growth

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2
Q

What is the role of vet nurses in patient nutrition?

A

Educate owners
Feed in practice
Identify diet issues

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3
Q

Define nutrients

A

Components in the diet that have specific functions in the body

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4
Q

What is the difference between essential and non-essential nutrients?

A

Essential- can’t be synthesised by the body, need to be in diet
Non-essential- can be synthesised in body, dont need to be in diet

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5
Q

List the classifications of nutrients

A 
Water
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
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6
Q

What is the function of water in the body?

A

Electrolyte balance
Temperature regulation
Homeostasis of internal environment
Chemical reactions

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7
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of water?

A

Inputs- drinking, food, metabolic water

Outputs- urine, faeces, saliva, sweat, vomiting

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8
Q

What is normal total water loss from the body?

A

50ml/kg/24hr

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9
Q

What is the main energy source in the body?

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

How are carbohydrates stored in the body?

A

Fat

Glycogen in muscle and liver

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11
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates in the body?

A

Energy
Fibre source
Bodily functions

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12
Q

When do carbohydrates cause problems in some patients?

A

Some cant easily be digested causing diarrhoea or GI problems
Obesity

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13
Q

What are the different types of fibre?

A

Insoluble- cellulose in veg and cereal grains

Soluble- pectin, fruit, vegetables, beans, oats, lentils

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14
Q

What is the functions of fibre?

A

Aid GI system
Make faeces softer and bulkier to pass easier
Prevent constipation and diarrhoea
Decrease calorie density

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15
Q

What are problems associated with fibre?

A

Too much can cause high fecal output

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16
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A 
Growth
Repair
Energy
Metabolism
Nitrogen source
Hormone/enzyme production
Metabolism regulation
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17
Q

List the 10 essential amino acids

A 
Arginine
Methionine
Histidine
Phenylalanine
Isoleucine
Threonine
Leucine
Tryptophan
Lysine
Valine
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18
Q

What is the additional essential amino acid required by cats and why is it essential for them?

A

Taurine

Is produced in conversion of methionine or cytosine but this process is too slow in cats

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19
Q

Why cant cats be vegetarian?

A

Taurine is found in animal protein

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20
Q

What can taurine deficiency in cats do?

A

Cause blindness and heart problems

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21
Q

Define biological value

A

Proportion of essential amino acids in protein and how easily available they are

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22
Q

What are sources of proteins?

A

Meat
Plants
Milk
Dairy

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23
Q

What happens to excess protein?

A

Broken down by liver and kidneys for excretion but can compromise their function

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24
Q

What are the signs of protein deficiency?

A 
Weight loss
Poor growth
Dull coat
Muscle atrophy
Oedema
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25
Q

What are the functions of fats?

A 
Carry fat soluble vitamins
Source of essential fatty acids
Energy
Form cell membranes
Improve coat condition
Control water loss
Insulation
Hormone synthesis
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26
Q

What is the most important type of dietary fats?

A

Triglycerides

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27
Q

What are sources of fat?

A 
Animal fat
Vegetable oil
Oily fish
Red meat
Dairy
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28
Q

What are the essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic acid- essential for all animals
Linolenic acid- synthesised from linoleic acid
Arachidonic acid- synthesised from linoleic acid

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29
Q

Which species cant synthesised arachidonic acid so need it in their diet?

A

Cats

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30
Q

What are symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency?

A

Impaired reproductive function
Impaired wound healing
Dry coat and skin

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31
Q

What symptoms show excess fatty acids in the diet?

A

Obesity

Pansteatitis/yellow fat disease

32
Q

List the fat soluble vitamins

A

A
D
E
K

33
Q

What is the role of vitamins?

A

Metabolic processes

Energy metabolism regulation

34
Q

Where are vitamins acquired from?

A

Diet

35
Q

List the water soluble vitamins

A

B

C

36
Q

What are the sources of vitamin A?

A 
Carotenoids
Fish oil
Milk
Liver
Eggs
37
Q

What are the sources of vitamin D?

A

Liver
Fish
Eggs
Sunshine

38
Q

What are the sources of vitamin E?

A

Wheat gem
Soy
Beans
Oils

39
Q

What are the sources of vitamin K?

A

Leafy plants
Fish
Liver

40
Q

What are the sources of vitamin B?

A

Meat
Vegetables
Eggs
Dairy

41
Q

What is the sources of vitamin C?

A

Glucose synthesis

42
Q

What is the function of vitamin A?

A

Vision
Bone growth
Reproduction
Maintain epithelial tissue

43
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A

Regulate calcium and phosphate

44
Q

What is the function of vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant properties

45
Q

What is the function of vitamin K?

A

Clotting cascade

46
Q

What is the function of vitamin B?

A

Coenzyme for cellular enzymes involved in metabolism and tissue synthesis

47
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency and excess?

A

Deficiency- impaired growth, skin disease, reproductive failure
Excess- skeletal abnormality

48
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency and excess?

A

Deficiency- rickets, osteomalacia, secondary hyperparathyroidism
Excess- hypercalcaemia, bone reabsorption, soft tissue calcification

49
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?

A

Reproductive failure

Pansteatitus/yellow fat disease

50
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?

A

Increased clotting time

51
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin B deficiency?

A

CNS signs
Anaemia
Weight loss

52
Q

What are minerals and what are their purpose?

A

Inorganic elements

Essential for metabolic processed

53
Q

What is the differences between macrominerals and microminerals?

A

Macro- needed in large amounts

Micro- needed in small amounts

54
Q

What is calcium and phosphorus important for in the body?

A

Skeleton and teeth

55
Q

What controls calcium and phosphate levels?

A

Reactions
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D

56
Q

What are the symptoms of calcium and phosphate deficiency and excess?

A

Deficiency- eclampsia when nursing

Excess- skeletal abnormalities, OCD, hip displasia

57
Q

What is the role of magnesium?

A

Normal heart

Skeletal muscle function

58
Q

What are the sources of calcium and phosphate?

A

Calcium- milk

Phosphate- muscle meat

59
Q

What are sources of magnesium?

A

Bone
Grains
Fibre

60
Q

What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency and excess?

A

Deficiency- muscle weakness

Excess- lower urinary tract disease, struvite orolith crystals

61
Q

What is the role of sodium and chloride?

A

Major electrolytes

Regulate bodily fluids

62
Q

What are the sources of sodium and chloride?

A

Fish

Eggs

63
Q

What are the symptoms of sodium and chloride deficiency and excess?

A

Deficiency- excess fluid loss

Excess- oedema, increased fluid intake, hypertension, heart and kidney issues

64
Q

What is the role of potassium in the body?

A

Maintain acid base balance
Aid transfer of nerve impulses
Aid muscle contraction

65
Q

What are the sources of potassium?

A 
Soya
Rice
Bran
Grains
Wheat
66
Q

What are the symptoms of potassium deficiency and excess?

A

Deficiency- anorexia, lethargy, muscle weakness

Excess- bradycardia

67
Q

What are trace elements in the body, what are there roles and what does deficiency cause?

A

Iron- haemoglobin, deficiency causes disease
Copper- RBC formation, pigmentation, deficiency causes poor reproduction, early foetal loss, hair depigmentation
Zinc- healthy skin and coat
Manganese- enzyme function and metabolic processes in fibre and fish
Iodine- thyroid hormones, reproduction, growth and metabolism, found in fish, eggs and poultry

68
Q

Explain the requirements for puppies and kittens diets

A 
Highly digestible
Nutrient dense
Avoid over feeding
Low calcium in large breed puppies
Feed complete diet
3-4 meals a day until 4-6 months
69
Q

Explain the requirements for adults diets

A 
Highly digestible
Nutrient dense
1-2 meals a day
Avoid overfeeding
Balanced diet
70
Q

Explain the requirements for seniors diets

A

Geriatric diet lower in calories
Avoid sudden changes
High quality protein

71
Q

Explain the requirements for pregnant mothers diets

A

Highly digestible
Energy dense
Increase feeding after 5 weeks to 1.5 times RER
Feed little and often

72
Q

Explain the requirements for lactating mothers diets

A

Enough calories to prevent weight loss
Feed 2-3 times RER
Reduce calories after 4 weeks

73
Q

What are complete diets?

A

Canned
Dry food
Semimoist food

74
Q

What diets are unadvised?

A

Raw diets

Homemade diets

75
Q

What is meant by RER?

A

Resting energy requirements, energy used when sitting still

76
Q

What are the calculations of RER?

A

Dogs 5-40kg- 30 x body weight + 70
Dogs less than 5 or more than 40kg- 60 x body weight
All animals- 70 x body weight ^0.75

PPPVN (14 decks)

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