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HUBS 191 > Homeostasis and hormones > Flashcards

Homeostasis and hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The presence of a stable internal environment

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2
Q

What is a set point

A

A set point that some ones levels will oscillate around. This creates the individuals normal range

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3
Q

What is a reference range

A

This is often a populations reference range. It is wider than individuals and includes the breadth of a populations range.

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4
Q

What is the relationship between an individuals normal range and a populations reference range

A

An individual can be within the populations reference range but outside of their own normal range. But most will be within.

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5
Q

Describe a synaptic system

A

Neural pathway - Neurotransmitter released at synapse. Good for quick and brief responses

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6
Q

Describe Endocrine system

A

Hormonal - Released into the blood. Receptors used on specific cells. Slow. Good for widespread sustained responses

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7
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of

A

Endocrine glands secretes hormones

Blood stream carries to the target cell

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8
Q

Describe the job of the hypothalamus

A

Links the nervous system to the endocrine system. Controls secretion of many endocrine glands

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9
Q

Name 4 physiological variables

A

Blood sugar concentrations
Growth and repair
Basal metabolic rate
Blood calcium concentration

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10
Q

What are hormones

A

True hormones are chemical messengers.

They are produced in one location and transported to another through the bloodstream.

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11
Q

Describe receptors

A

Cells have specific receptors (proteins) that allow them to respond to specific hormones

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12
Q

Describe water-soluble hormones

A 
Mostly peptides. 
Made and stored until required 
Travel dissolved in the blood stream
Cannot cross cell membrane 
Receptors therefore in cell membranes 
2nd messengers
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13
Q

What is an example of a water-soluble hormone

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

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14
Q

Describe lipid(fat)- soluble hormones

A

Steroids.
Made as required.
Travel in blood bound to a carrier protein
Can diffuse across membrane
Receptor located in cytoplasm or nucleus.
Alters gene transcription

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15
Q

What is an example of a lipid-soluble hormone and how it varies

A

Thyroid hormones - they can be stored until required unlike other lipid soluble hormones

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16
Q

Which type of hormone takes longer to work

A

Lipid-soluble

17
Q

How do water-soluble receptors work

A

Hormone binds to receptor.
Binding activated associated G protein, which activates/inhibits adenylyl cyclase (which synthesises to cAMP)
OR increases Ca2+.
second messenger production/reduction of cAMP or Ca2+
Downstream proteins/pathways are activated or deactivated (these serve as messengers)
Quick response

18
Q

How do lipid-soluble receptors work

A

Hormone dissociates from carrier and diffuses across membrane
Binds to receptor, which acts as a specific transcription factor.
Target genes are activated to generate new mRNA to translate into protein, which mediates response.
Slow response

19
Q

Describe how hormones are maintained

A

Negative feedback - Reduces change until stimulus is removed or directly inhibits further release
Positive feedback - Amplifies change until desired outcome is achieved (child birth)

20
Q

What type of feed back is most common

A

Negative feedback

21
Q

What controls negative feedback

A

Rate of hormone secretion

Rate of removal from blood

22
Q

What is the function of the pancreas

A

It is an exocrine and an endocrine gland - It secretes glucagon and insulin

23
Q

What secretes insulin

A

Beta cells of the pancreas

24
Q

What secretes glucagon

A

Alpha cells of the pancreas

25
Q

Why is glucose important

A

It needs to be maintained in a very narrow range. Glucose is the only fuel the brain uses. Too high blood concentration and can cause diabetes. Too low blood concentration and can cause hypoglycaemia.

26
Q

What are our 2 metabolic states

A

Fed state - cellular uptake of nutrients. Synthesis of glycogen (glycogenolysis), fat and protein. (anabolic metabolism)
Fasting state - Mobilisation of nutrients. Breakdown of glycogen (Gluconeogenesis), fat and protein. (catabolic metabolism)

27
Q

How is blood glucose level controlled

A

If it increases out of the normal range insulin secretion is increased.
If it decreases below the normal range glucagon secretion is increased.

28
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

29
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A

Turning fatty amino acids into glucose.

30
Q

How is glucose stored

A

Glucose forms glycogen.

HUBS 191 (28 decks)

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