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History French Revolution > Terror September 1792 - 1794 > Flashcards

Terror September 1792 - 1794 Flashcards

1
Q

What news reached Paris on August 25th and 1st September?

A
  • Longwy in Lorraine had fallen to the enemy

- Verdun, the last fortress blocking the way to the capital, was under siege

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2
Q

What was Danton’s response to the news? What happened as a result of this?

A
  • 30th August to 2nd September

- Ordered searches for weapons which led to 3000 being taken prisoner in 2 weeks

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3
Q

What began from 2nd September 1792?

A
  • September Massacres
  • 5 days of killing in which 1-1.5k/2.6k prisoners were killed
  • Federes attacked refractory priests being taken to or being held in prison, killing 300
  • Assembly did nothing and tensions between Girondins and Jacobins were heightened
  • Girondins blamed Jacobins for inciting violence
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4
Q

When did the New Convention open?

A
  • 20th September 1792
  • No Girondin elected in Paris
  • Robespierre, Marat, Desmoulins and Danton dominated the Parisian election and turnout outside of Paris was low so it returned the same people as active citizens had in 1791
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5
Q

When did the Convention declare France to be a republic? What was the state of the Convention?

A
  • 22nd September 1792
  • However, the Convention was divided between the Montagnards and Girondins: Montagnards wanted central control and control of food prices as well as louis executed
  • Girondins wanted decentralisation as their support had come from the provinces, no economic controls and no or minimal direct action against the king
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6
Q

What was a military victory for France through September and October 1792?

A
  • General Custine wins at the battle of Valmy at Speyer on the Rhine and takes Wormz, Mainz and Frankfurt and French force Prussian retreat at Verdun and Longwy
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7
Q

When was the Committee of General Security (CGS) formed? What was it?

A
  • October 1792
  • Responsible for policing and administration of justice.
  • Reported to the national convention
  • In 1793 was reduced from 30 deputies to 12
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8
Q

When did Dumouriez win the battle of Jemappes?

A
  • Dumouriez (Girondin General)
  • 6th November 1792
  • Allowed France to gain control of the Austrian Netherlands
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9
Q

Which two decrees did the National Convention pass and what were their consequences?

A
  • 16th and 19th November 1792
  • Free and open passage of the River Shedt; angered Britain and the united provinces
  • Edict of Fraternity = assistance to all who wished to recover their liberty
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10
Q

What was the armoire de fer and when were they discovered?

A
  • Letters from Louis to foreign powers confirming his treachery
  • Discovered 20th November 1792
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11
Q

What decision was made following the discovery of the armoire de fer?

A
  • 3rd December 1792

- Decided to try the King in which Convention would be judge and jury

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12
Q

What did Robespierre argue should be the King’s fate?

A
  • 4th December 1792
  • King should be immediately sentenced to death without a trial
  • Girondins disagreed as feared it would begin a civil war
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13
Q

What did the Girondins propose regarding the King’s fate?

A
  • 27th December 1792

- Proposed appealing to the people in a referendum, but it was rejected by 400 votes

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14
Q

When were the votes on Louis’ guilt/fate taken? What did they decide?

A
  • 15th-17th January 1793
  • 0 votes against his guilt
  • Some abstained
  • 361 votes for his death and - 61 for his death on conditions
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15
Q

When was Louis executed?

A
  • Decision made on 20th January 1793

- Executed 21st

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16
Q

What do France declare after Louis’ execution?

A
  • Declare war on Britain and the United Provinces in February
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17
Q

What was ordered on 24th February 1793?

A
  • Levy of 300,000 men
  • All 18-25 year old men without immediate dependents to give military service
  • Married men to forge and transport supplies
  • Children should shred old linen for lint
  • Old people preach hatred of kings
  • Didn’t come into practice until the 23rd of August
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18
Q

Disruption in the month following Louis’ execution?

A
  • 22nd-26th February
  • Grocery stores, warehouses and shops attacked
  • Order restored on 26th by NG
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19
Q

Who defeated France in March 1793? What else happened?

A
  • Austrians beat France at Neerwinden and evacuate Aachen

- Spain declares war on France

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20
Q

What did Marat write in his articles and when?

A
  • 9th - 10th March 1793
  • Wrote articles blaming Girondins for France’s problems
  • Girondin printing presses were attacked by Sans-Culottes
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21
Q

What and when was the Vendée Rebellion?

A
  • March 1793
  • Started in response to levee en masse and sale of church land which allowed bourgeoise to raise rent
  • Catholic and royalist army seized Cholet on March 14th and massacred local officials
  • 30,000 men were sent from the front to the Vendee in May, but, by June, rebels had seized Loire, Angers and Sammur and were advancing to Le Mans and Paris
  • 6th September army of 100,000 arrived at Nantes and defeated rebels by December
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22
Q

What and when was the Federalist Revolt?

A
  • March 1793
  • Jacobin leaders forced out of office in Lyon and similar events occurred in Avignon, Marseille, Toulon and Bourdeaux
  • 60/83 departments protested in total and serious conflict in 8
  • Toulon was unique in that it merged with a royalist revolt and proclaimed Louis as King
  • Revolutionary army, under the control of the CPS, to respond; suspected traitors were imprisoned by S-C but less than 200 were condemned by special courts
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23
Q

Who were representatives on mission? When were they appointed?

A
  • March 1793
  • Jacobins who ensured order and loyalty throughout France and arrested suspects
  • Ensured food supplies
  • From April, ensured troop morale and generals reported daily to the CPS and weekly to the national convention
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24
Q

When was the Revolutionary Tribunal established and what did it do?

A
  • 10th March 1793
  • To try counter revolutionaries
  • 5 judges, a public prosecutor with 2 assistants and Parisian jurymen
  • Aim was to ‘embody terror’
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25
Q

What was the Summary execution decree? When?

A
  • 19th March 1793

- Rebels captured with arms could be executed without appeal within 24 hours

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26
Q

When was the Committees de surveillance established? What did it do?

A
  • March 1793
  • Watch committee that existed in every town, commune and handed over suspects to the tribunal
  • Members could not be noblemen or clergy
27
Q

When was the CPS established?

A

6th April 1793

28
Q

What did Dumouriez do that discredited the Girondins?

A
  • April 1793

- Defected to the Austrians and they besiege the republic of Mainz

29
Q

When was Marat arrested by the Girondins?

A
  • 12th April 1793

- Acquitted 12 days later and the Sans Culottes carried him back to the convention

30
Q

What happened on 3rd May 1793?

A
  • 8000 S-C surrounded the convention demanding price controls
  • Opposed by Girondins but introduced by Robespierre
31
Q

What did Robespierre call for in late May 1793?

A
  • 26th May 1793

- A rising against the Girondins in the Convention

32
Q

What happened after Robespierre called for this?

A
  • 2nd June 1793
  • 800-100k S-C surrounded Convention demanding the expulsion of Girondins
  • 29 were expelled and placed under house arrest
  • All deputies banned from leaving unless they gave support for the above motion
  • 75 abstained and signed a petition but it did nothing
33
Q

When was Marat murdered? By whom?

A
  • 13th June 1793

- Girondin Charlotte Corday

34
Q

After the Girondin were expelled, what was the Jacobean constitution and how/when was it endorsed?

A
  • 24th June 1793
  • Plebiscite of 1.8m to 11k votes
  • Created an executive council subservient to the assembly, extended the vote to all adult males, gave the right to express yourself through direct political action and everyone was entitled to public assistance
  • However, it was never implemented
35
Q

When was Robespierre elected to the CPS? What law was passed the next day?

A
  • 27th July 1793

- Next day, a law against hoarding was passed

36
Q

When was the levee en masse implemented again?

A
  • 23rd August 1793
37
Q

What began happening from August onwards in 1793?

A
  • Execution of generals e.g. General Custine
  • Old noble generals replaced with younger ones e.g. Jean Baptiste Jordan took over the army of the north and Louis Houche was in charge of the army of Moselle
  • France also hired Andre-Jeanbon who was responsible for reorganisation of naval defences and relocating food supplies and new training
  • Manufacturing training centre was est. with 800 students and manufacturing was developed to increase gunpowder and steel
38
Q

What did the S-C do in early September?

A
  • 5th September 1793
  • Marched on the Convention demanding lower bread prices and higher wages and Terror was declared “order of the day”
  • Led to activists favoured by the SC ( D’Herbois and Billaud Varenne) being recruited
  • Also led to the armees revolutionaire being established (S-C who got farmers to surrender grain grain and attack hoarders, members were paid and placed under military command)
39
Q

When was the Law of Suspects passed and what was it?

A
  • 17th September 1793
  • Newly defined suspects as someone who could be arrested for their relationship, relatives, words, writing or conduct
  • Watch committees also required to draw up lists of suspects, issue arrests and warrants and give these to the CPS
40
Q

When was the Law of General Maximum passed and what was it?

A
  • 29th September 1793
  • Max price for meat, flour, onions and soap etc. were est as the price of 1790 + 1/3
  • Wage regulations were imposed
41
Q

How was the Vendee Rebellion crushed between September and December in 1793?

A
  • Crushed by 30k and then 100k troops
  • 2000 died in mass drownings
  • Presumed 250k died in total
42
Q

Stat about the revolutionary tribunal September to December 1793?

A
  • Popular Terror phase
  • 500,000 tried and sent 180 to the guillotine just in Paris
  • Only 9% of these executions were from nobility and 7% from clergy
43
Q

Describe Dechristianisation

A
  • September to November 1793
  • SC supported a closing to all churches and destroyed religious signs and in Nievre, Fouche waged a war on religion
  • Dechristianisation was made an official gov policy in October
  • Religious street names changed, church property taken and religious figures pulled down or decapitated.
  • Notre Dame became the temple of reason and a non-religious calender was adopted
  • 20,000 priests had been forcibly converted
44
Q

What and when were the show-trials?

A
  • October 1793

- Marie Antionette, 21 Girondins and the duc d’orleans as well as madame Roland were sent to the guillotine

45
Q

How did the government justify their terror by the end of 1793?

A
  • 10th October 1793
  • Emergency Government Decree: “government of France is revolutionary until peace”
  • Justify the presence of 40k revolutionary army troops, 100 rep en mission and the watch committees and CGS
46
Q

What was the state of France by December 1793?

A
  • War was improving: France had 1m men in arms and 14 well trained armies and the distinction between regulars and volunteers disappeared.
  • France had won at the battle of Hondschoote and the siege of Dunkirk had been lifted in September; also won at Wattiges and Marseilles, and Lyon had been recaptured and Vendee rebels were defeated at Le Mans
47
Q

What did Robespierre convince the Convention to outlaw?

A
  • December 1793

- To outlaw violent attacks on religion

48
Q

What and when was the Law of Frimaire?

A
  • 4th December 1793
  • CPS had direction over local government, generals and rep-en-mission
  • Revolutionary army to disband in March
  • Popular societies and patriotic communities were closed down
  • No tax, loan or armed force could be issued without a decree
49
Q

What happened in December 1793 internally?

A
  • Ousting of British from Toulon by Napoleon where 700-800 were shot or slain
  • In Lyon, it was destroyed and its name disappeared apart from on a statue
  • ‘it is no more as it made a war on liberty’; 1,880 died there in total; 2000 were also executed after being shot by cannon fire into mass graves
50
Q

What was promised in February 1794?

A
  • Promised needy patriots a share of land taken from counter revs
  • Didn’t properly manifest
51
Q

How was Robespierre challenged in March 1794 and how did he respond?

A
  • Hebert, leftist pamphleteer and radical leader, called Robespierre a dictator and called for a rising up
  • They were denounced from the convention and he and 18 of his supporters were executed on the 24th
52
Q

Which other leaders were executed? When and why?

A
  • 8th April
  • Danton, Desmoulins and 13 others
  • They had said it was time for terror to be scaled down
53
Q

What was declared on 7th May 1794?

A
  • Festivals to be held on national days of the new calender to celebrate Republican virtues
  • New state religion declared
54
Q

When were the Provincial Revolutionary Tribunals closed?

A

8th May 1794

55
Q

What and when was the Law of 22 Prairial?

A
  • 10th June 1794
  • All accused to be taken before the rev tribunal
  • Citizens obliged to denounce all suspects
  • Trials could take no longer than 3 days
  • No witnesses or defence
56
Q

What and when was the ‘Great Terror’?

A
  • 10th June - 26th July 1794
  • 1248 deaths, 278 acquittals
  • 35% of victims noble, 255 clergy and 40% bourgeoise
  • Allowed some flexibility of prices but forced down rises to wages
57
Q

When was the Festival of the Supreme being and what was it?

A
  • 8th June 1794
  • New religious festival of the Supreme Being
  • Robespierre as president of the convention spoke about revolution and the Parisian sections paraded
  • At champ de Mars a liberty tree and statue of Hercules was erected
58
Q

How did Robespierre’s activity decrease?

A
  • Early July 1794

- Robespierre stopped attending CPS for 3 weeks

59
Q

When did Robespierre give his last speech to the Convention? What did he say?

A
  • 26th July 1794
  • He accused the CPS of conspiring against public liberty
  • Said more purges were needed to cleanse France, but refused to give the names of the accused
60
Q

What and when was the Coup of Thermidor?

A
  • 27th July 1794
  • Saint-Just’s speech was overshadowed by calls for ‘down with the tyrant’
  • Decree made to arrest Robespierre and later Saint-Just and Le Bas
  • Commune tried to call the NG to Robespierre’s defence but only 1/3 responded and so they were recaptured
61
Q

When was Robespierre executed? How many commune members also died?

A
  • 28th July

- 87/95 commune members died

62
Q

What was the CPS responsible for?

A
  • Responsible for conduct of war, control of the army, supplies and diplomacy with authority over the CGS.
  • On May 4th it fixed a max grain price and compulsory loan on the wealthy
  • Supposed to be 9 members elected monthly but dominant members such as Robespierre emerged
63
Q

When did the French have a victory against the allies in 1794?

A

Significant victory against the Allied forces at Fleurus in June 1794

History French Revolution (15 decks)

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