Classical and Operant Conditioning Flashcards
What is higher-order/second-order conditioning?
Pairing of the NS with a CS in-order to make NS elicit the same response as the CS
What is counter conditioning (desensitization)?
Eliminating the CR by pairing the CS with a different UCS for a response that is stronger than the CR
What is aversive conditioning?
A form of conditioning where a subject is simultaneously exposed to a stimulus and discomfort as a result he starts associating the two.
What are the applications of classical conditioning?
- in rehabilitation therapy for drug and alcohol addiction
- bedwetting
- systematic desensitization
- business advertisement
- mood and feelings
What is aversion therapy?
Aversion therapy is a type of behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a harmful or socially undesirable behaviour until the behaviour becomes associated with pain or discomfort, thereby reducing its possibility of recurrence
What happens during systematic desentization?
Clients are made to go through a series of anxiety producing situations till the can remain calm and relaxed while confronting fear
What is the key argument of operant conditioning?
The key argument in operant conditioning is that the organism/ individual is not a passive recipient of stimulus-response processes but rather actively engages/ operates with the environment before learning occurs.
What is classical conditioning?
A type of learning in which the consequences of behaviour are manipulated in order to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response”
(Wood et al., 2005)
Who is operant conditioning credited to?
- Edward L. Thorndike
2. B.F. Skinner
What is trial and error learning?
It occurs when a response is associated with a successful solution after a number of unsuccessful responses.
What animal did Thorndike use for his puzzle box experiment?
Cats
Why did Thorndike label classical conditioning as instrumental learning?
because it emphasizes that behaviours that are instrumental in achieving reinforcement are the ones that are learnt.
What is the law of effect?
The consequence of a response will determine if it will be repeated under similar circumstances in the future
What is the law of exercise?
repeated practice of a stimulus-response association is strengthened
What is law of readiness?
An individual learns better if the individual is physically and psychologically prepared
