10.1 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
The heart is located in what cavity?
A
thoracic
2
Q
2/3 of the heart is _______ of the midline
A
left
3
Q
What carries blood away from the heart?
A
arteries
4
Q
What carries blood to heart?
A
veins
5
Q
The base of the heart is formed by the ____
A
atria
6
Q
The apex of the heart is formed by the tip of the
A
left ventricle
7
Q
The heart is surrounded by the
A
pericardium
8
Q
What does the pericardium do?
A
Protects and holds the heart in place
9
Q
What are the 2 parts of the pericardium?
A
- Fibrous pericardium
- Serous pericardium
10
Q
Which part of the pericardium is tough, inelastic and outer connective tissue?
A
Fibrous pericardium
11
Q
Pericardium protects the heart by doing what 2 things?
A
- Anchoring
- Prevents it from overstretching
12
Q
Which part of the pericardium is thinner, delicate and forms double layer around heart.
A
Serous pericardium
13
Q
What are the layers of the serous pericardium?
A
- Parietal layer
- Visceral layer
14
Q
Which layer is fused to the fibrous pericardium?
A
Parietal layer
15
Q
Which layer adheres tightly to the heart?
A
Visceral layer (epicardium)
16
Q
What layer is between the parietal and visceral and filled with fluid?
A
pericardial cavity
17
Q
What does lubricating fluid help with?
A
preventing friction between membranes
18
Q
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
A
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
19
Q
Which is the outer layer and includes the visceral layer?
A
Epicardium
20
Q
Which is the muscle layer?
A
Myocardium
21
Q
Which layer is inside the myocardium and covers valves?
A
Endocardium
22
Q
The myocardium forms what 2 separate networks via gap junctions and intercalated disks?
A
- Atrial
- Ventricular
23
Q
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
A
- Left Atrium
- Right atrium
- Left ventricle
- Right ventricle
24
Q
What are the chambers separated by?
A
interatrial or interventricular septum
25
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the thinnest because they empty their contents into the ventricles.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are thicker because they have to move blood out of the heart.
Atria
Ventricles
26
Which ventricle is thinner because it pumps blood to the lungs?
Which ventricle pumps blood to the entire body?
right ventricle
left ventricle
27
How many valves does the heart have?
4
28
What are the 4 valves of the heart?
1. Tricuspid valve
2. Bicuspid valve
3. Semilunar valve
4. Pulmonary valve
29
What are the valves designed to do?
prevent backflow
30
What valve is also known as the Mitral valve?
Bicuspid
31
What connect to papillary muscles and prevent valve cusps from pushing up into the atria when ventricles contract?
Chordae tendinae
32
What are the 2 Semilunar valves?
1. Aortic valve
2. Pulmonic valve
33
What drain deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower body into the right atrium.
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
34
What drains deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins into the right atrium.
Coronary sinus
35
Blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the __________ which then branches into the _________ that then carry this deoxygenated blood into the lungs to be oxygenated.
Pulmonary trunk and Pulmonary artery
36
What carries oxygenated blood from the lungs and transports it to the left atrium?
Pulmonary veins
37
What carries oxygenated blood to the entire body from the left ventricle?
Aorta
38
Blood flow through the myocardium is known as
coronary circulation
39
There are two principal coronary vessels:
1. Right coronary artery
2. Left coronary artery
40
What branches from the aorta and supply the heart with O2 rich blood?
coronary vessels
41
What collects the heart's deoxygenated blood and returns it to the right atrium?
Coronary sinus
42
Cardiac excitation normally begins in the…?
sinoatrial (SA) node
43
The atria causing contraction is via the
Bachmann’s bundle
44
Electrical Structure of the Heart
(1) SA Node
(2) AV node
(3) Bundle of his
(4) Right and left bundle branches
(5) Purkinje fibers
45
When reviewing an ECG recording three discernible waves will be noted:
1. P wave: atrial depolarization
2. QRS Complex: ventricular depolarization
3. T wave: ventricular repolarization
46
P wave represents what?
atrial depolarization
47
QRS Complex represents what?
ventricular depolarization
48
T wave represents what?
ventricular repolarization
49
A cardiac cycle represents everything associated with one heartbeat, typically lasting
0.8 seconds
50
What are the 3 phases in a cardiac cycle?
1. Relaxation period
2. Atrial systole
3. Ventricular systole
51
In what phase do the ventricles start to relax and repolarize; all four chambers of the heart, including the atria enter into a period of diastole (dilation), the ventricles are filled to 75%.
Relaxation period
52
In what phase do both atria depolarize, after depolarization the last 25% of blood is ejected from the atria to the ventricles.
atrial systole
53
In what phase do the ventricles depolarize then contract ejecting the blood into either the pulmonary trunk or the aorta?
Ventricular systole
54
Approximately how many ml of blood is ejected into systemic circulation per ventricular contraction?
70 ml
55
What is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the
aorta per minute?
Cardiac output (CO)
56
What is the formula for cardiac output?
CO formula = stroke volume x heart rate
57
What are the five main types of blood vessels?
1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries
4. Venules
5. Veins
58
Thick, triple layered vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries
59
Thin vessels formed by arteries branching down in size.
Arterioles
60
Hair-like microscopic vessels found throughout the body. AKA exchange vessels, which connect arterioles to venules.
Capillaries
61
Very thin vessels formed when capillaries reunite.
Venules
62
Designated vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart to be oxygenated.
Veins
63
The ability of local tissues to adjust blood flow into the area according to metabolic demands via vasodilators and vasoconstrictors, is known as?
Autoregulation
64
What is defined as pressure exerted on the walls of the vessels as the ventricles contract.
Blood pressure
65
What is defined as the opposition to flow?
Vascular resistance
66
Slowest rate of blood flow, allowing time for exchange through walls occurs in the…?
capillaries
67
3 main types of receptors:
1. Proprioceptors
2. Baroreceptors
3. Chemoreceptors
68
What monitor movements of joints and muscles?
Proprioceptors
69
What are pressure receptors in the aorta and carotid arteries?
Baroreceptors
70
What stimulate sympathetic and parasympathetic response to chemical changes in the body?
Chemoreceptors
71
What are the 2 main circulation pathways of blood through the body?
1. Systemic circulation
2. Pulmonary circulation
72
Is this pulmonary or systemic circulation?
Arteries and arterioles that carry oxygen and nutrient rich
blood throughout the body, veins and venules that carry carbon dioxide and waste to the right atrium.
systemic circulation
73
Is this pulmonary or systemic circulation?
Blood pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs, picks up
oxygen and returns via pulmonary veins to the left atria.
pulmonary circulation
74
4 Principal branches of the aorta
1. Ascending Aorta
2. Arch of the Aorta
3. Thoracic Descending Aorta
4. Abdominal Descending Aorta
75
What 2 factors regulate blood flow and BP?
1. Blood volume and ventricular contraction
2. Vascular resistance
76
Volume or blood loss more than what % is potentially life threatening?
10%
77
The left and right coronary arteries branch off of what?
the ascending aorta
78
The brachiocephalic trunk branches into what 4 arteries?
1. Right common carotid artery
2. Left common carotid artery
3. Right subclavian artery
4. Left subclavian artery
79
Subclavian arteries branch into what 4 arteries?
1. Axillary
2. Brachial
3. Radial
4. Ulnar
80
Thoracic Aorta divides into 4 arteries:
1. Bronchial arteries
2. Esophageal arteries
3. Posterior intercostal arteries
4. Superior phrenic arteries
81
Abdominal Aorta = Celiac trunk into 4 branches:
1) Inferior phrenic arteries
2) Common hepatic artery
3) Left gastric artery
4) Splenic artery
82
Gonad arteries branch into:
1. Testicular
2. Ovarian
83
Which are the 4 arteries that supply the lower limbs?
1. Femoral
2. Popliteal
3. Anterior tibial
4. Posterior tibial
5. Medial and lateral plantar
84
Which arteries supply the pelvis?
Internal iliac arteries
85
What creates a pressure difference in the circulatory system, that helps to push the blood in one direction to empty it into the right atrium?
Contractions of the heart
86
What squeezes veins pushing their contents upwards, causing blood only to flow in one direction to the heart?
The skeletal muscle pump
87
What enhances blood flow to the heart by inhalation and exhalation?
The respiratory pump
88
What are the 3 systemic veins that carry deoxygenated blood to the heart?
1. coronary sinus
2. superior vena cava
3. inferior vena cava
89
What is the main vein to drain the heart?
coronary sinus
90
What empties blood drained from the head, neck, chest and upper
limbs into the superior portion of the right atria?
superior vena cava
91
What is the largest vein in the body, drains the abdomen, pelvis and lower extremities into the inferior portion of the right atria?
Inferior vena cava
92
3 main veins that drain blood away from the head:
1. Internal jugular- cranial bones, meninges, and brain
2. External jugular- scalp and face
3. Vertebral veins- cervical vertebrae, cervical spinal cord, neck muscles.
93
Veins that drain the upper body are the Superficial Veins, which include 3
1. Cephalic veins: Drains the lateral aspect of upper limb.
2. Basilic veins: Drain medial aspect of upper limb.
3. Median antecubital veins: Drain palms and forearms.
94
What are the 5 Deep Veins in the Upper Body
1. Radial veins: Drain lateral aspect of forearm.
2. Ulnar veins: Drain medial aspect of forearm.
3. Brachial veins: Drain forearms, elbow joints, and arms.
4. Axillary veins: Drain arms, axillae, and upper chest wall.
5. Subclavian veins: Drain arms, neck, and thoracic wall.
95
What are veins that drain the abdomen?
Hepatic portal circulation
96
Veins that drain the lower body?
Superficial Veins:
- great saphenous veins
- small saphenous veins
97
What are the 4 Deep veins of the Lower Body?
1. Posterior tibial veins
2. Anterior tibial veins
3. Popliteal veins
4. Femoral veins
98
What are the 4 common arteries for taking a pulse?
1. Radial
2. Carotid
3. Brachial
4. Popliteal
99
What is a normal pulse rate?
75bpm
100
What is considered Bradycardic?
60bpm
101
What is considered Tachycardic?
Above 100pm
102
What is considered regular exercise that will improve cardiovascular health?
20min a day, 3-5 times/ week
