Flashcards in 101 Final Deck (126)
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Elements the human body makes up 96%
1
Action potential
Transient polarization event that includes polarity reversal of sarcolemma (nerve cell membrane)
The start of an electrical current
2
Anterior chamber of eye
Between cornea and iris
3
Blind spot of eye
Region where the retina connects to optic nerve whee there are no rods or cones to receive images--optic disk
4
Connective tissue
Blood is the tissue
5
Cartilage tissue
Tough elastic material found between bones of spine and ends of long bones
Shock absorber and allows for flexibility
Found in nose, ear, larynx
6
Causes of conduction deafness
Ear infection
Allergies
Hole in eardrum
Earwax
Swimmers ear
7
Characteristics of irregular bone
Complicated shapes for protection
Vertebrae protects spine
Hip bones protect internal organs
8
Characteristics of neuron
Body (soma), axon, dendrites
Long lived, amniotic, high metabolic rate
Use highest amount of energy in the body
9
Characteristics of plasma membrane PPLC
Fine layers of phospholipids
Protein, lipids, carbohydrates
10
Characteristics of reticular fibers
Branched collagenous fibers that form delicate networks
11
Characteristics of spongy bone
Honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow
Yellow marrow is made of adipose tissue and is in long bones
12
Characteristics of trabecular bone
Filled with yellow marrow
Same as spongy bone
13
Glycogen
CHO stores in liver in this form
14
Circumvallate papillae
Any of usual 8-12 large papillae near back of the tongue
Provide a final safe guard against something harmful or unhealthy
15
Conjunctivitis
Pink eye
Contagious inflammation of conjunctiva and is usually caused by bacteria or virus
Redness, swelling, pain, pus
16
Sarcomere
Contractile unit of skeletal muscles
17
Cornea
Circular and transparent in front of cornea
Allows light rays into the eye
First place where light is bent and refracted
18
Astrocytes
Most abundant glial cell
Cling to neurons and their synaptic endings
Cover capillaries
Support neurons, anchor them
Control chemical environment
19
Bursae
Flattened shapes
Sacs lines with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid
20
Ependymal cells
Thin membrane of glial cells lining the ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
21
Fontanelle
Soft spot, allow cranium to expand
22
Foramina
Round opening in bone
Passageway for blood vessels, nerves, and other things
23
Ganglia
Parasympathetic cell bodies
Surround cell bodies
24
Ligaments
Connective tissue band
Help hold long bones together at a joint
25
Menisci
Crescent shaped fibrocartilage acting as a cushion
All synovial joints
Part of knee
26
Mitosis
Split cell and make another
Cell division
Division of nucleus
27
Monosaccharides
Simple sugar
Carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis
Two main types are aldosesand and ketoses
28
What does it mean to be simple cuboidal
Cube-shaped single layer
29
Simple squamous
Single layer, flat irregular
30
Simple columnar
One layer, column shaped
31
Where do you find simple cuboidal tissue/cells
Digestive system and duct system
32
Where do you find simple squamous
Lines capillaries, serous membranes, blood vessels
33
What is the function of collagen
Tensile strength
34
What's the function of elastic tissue
Stretch
35
What is the function of reticular tissue
Gives support
36
What is the function of muscular tissue
Movement
37
What makes up/components of connective tissue
Fibers, cells, ground substance
38
How do you know that tissue is damaged
Inflammation
39
Three types of skeletal cartilage
Hyaline (most abundant), fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
40
What is the structural unit of a compact bone
Haversian system or osteon
41
If you had to pick a bone tissue to withstand tension, what bone tissue would you pick?
Compact
42
Rheumatoid arthritis (what's different from other arthritis)
Caused by genetics, autoimmune disease (body cannot protect itself)
43
Osteoarthritis
General wear and tear of a joint
44
Gouty arthritis
Uric acid build up
45
Where do cranial bones develop from
Within fibrous connective tissue membranes
46
Differentiate between epiphyseal line and epiphyseal plate
The line forms after the plate closes
47
Which hormone influences bone development
Growth hormone
48
Thyroid hormone controls what
BMI
49
What parts do you find in the synovial joints
Articular cartilage, articular capsules, synovial membrane, synovial fluid
50
Where is the bursa found
Between joints, acts as a cushion
51
Where do you find the tendon sheath
Around the tendon, outside the joint, reduce friction
52
What is the function in the joint of synovial fluid
Lubricates the joint
53
What is the function of articular cartilage
Prevents friction
54
Wheee is articular cartilage found
End of bones
55
What are the functions of the skeletal system
Protect, support, mineral storage, blood cell production,
56
Where are osteocytes found
Lacunae
57
What are osteocytes
Mature bone cells
58
What are osteoblasts
Make up bone matrix
59
Osteoclasts
Tears down bone matrix
60
What are chondrocytes
Produce cartilage
61
What is the bursa
Sac-like structure
62
What is a meniscus
Fibrocartilage disk
63
What is a ligament
Made out of fibrous tissue, connects bone to bone or bone to muscle
Main component is collagen
64
What are tendons
Connects muscle to muscle, muscle to bone
Function is to provide strength and tension to the joint
Strong fibrous connective tissue
65
What is a flagellum
Propels like a flipper, whip like motion
66
Tiniest cell in human body
Sperm
67
Flagellum is found
Only on the sperm
68
What do you find in the thoracic cavity
Heart, lungs, pleura membrane, great vessels, diaphragm
69
What do find in cranial cavity
Brain
70
What do you find in the dorsal cavity
Brain and spinal cord
71
What is found in the ventral cavity
Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
72
What is negative feedback
Tries to return to homeostasis, different from positive because it stops and shuts down
73
What is positive feedback
Fills it up, responds and returns, gets bigger and bigger
Contractions, blood clot
74
How to define survival needs
Goal of life is to survive
75
What does it mean by imbalance in homeostasis
Sick
76
Human body from simplest to complex
organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organisms
77
Strongest bonds in human body
Covalent
78
What are the weakest bonds
Hydrogen
79
What does it mean to synthesize
Production or making of something
80
What is the longest chain of simple sugar
Polysaccharides
81
What is the most common element
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen (make up 96%)
82
What is the most abundant substance in the body
Water
83
What is another name for table sugar
Sucrose
84
Sucrose
Disaccharide
85
What is an ionic compound
One is positive, one is negative, form electrolytes, held together by an electrical current
86
What is the pH scale
Measures acidity, pH of 9 you are basic, pH of 3 you are acidic
87
What is an ion
Positive or negatively charged substances
88
What is the most common positive ion outside the cell
Sodium
89
Solution
Mixture dissolved
90
Suspension
Heavier substance sinks
91
What is a colloidal solution
Like opaque, think you can see through it
Example is plasma
92
What is an example of a suspension in the body
Blood
93
What is cytosol
Fluid found in cells
94
What kind of solution is cytosol
Colloidal
95
What is diffusion
Movement across the membrane, goes from natural gradient from high to low
No energy (capillaries)
96
What is osmosis
Diffusion of water (kidney)
97
What is active transport
Energy needed, have to have a carrier
98
What is phagocytosis
The cell engulfs particles that are bad (white blood cells)
99
Three types of cell junctions
Tight junctions (keep everything in and out)
Desmosomes (anchor)
Communication junction (gap junctions)
100
Meiosis
Division of DNA matter to half
101
Mitosis
Copies everything to get two identical daughter cells
102
Make up of the plasma membranes
Two layers, proteins and lipids, little carbohydrates
Sign is phospholipids
103
What is a fixator
Stabilizer while one part of the body moves
104
Synergistic
Worlds together with another muscle
105
Antogonist
Works against muscles
106
Agonist muscle
Works to produce a specific movement
107
Perimysium
Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
108
What is endomysium
Covers each muscle fiber
109
Membrane of each muscle fiber
Sarcolemma
110
What is a myofibril
Made up of myofilaments (actin and myosin)
111
What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle
Sarcomere
112
What are the thin filaments in a muscle
Actin
113
What are the thick filaments
Myosin
114
What is the most common waste product found in the skeletal muscles
Lactic acid
115
What happens if you stretch a muscle where thick and thin are not overlapping
Lose all tension, none generated
116
Role of acetylcholine
Destroy
117
Rule of nines
Measurement of how burnt a patient is
118
Divisions of ANS
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
119
Function of primary somatosensory cortex
Exhibits spacial discrimination
120
Function of somatosensory association cortex
Integrates sensory information, forms comprehensive understanding of a stimulus
Determines size, texture
121
Function of prefrontal cortex
Intellect, cognition, recall, personality
122
Location of gustatory
Somatosensory association cortex
123
Function of thalamus
Relay center, motor activities, memory, learning
124
Function of hypothalamus
Regulates blood pressure, heart rate
125
