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Higher Biology > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main stages of gene expression?

A

transcription and translation

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2
Q

How many of the genes in a cell are expressed?

a) All of them
b) Most of them
c) A fraction of them
d) None of them

A

c) A fraction of them

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3
Q

Name the 3 types of RNA involved in transcription and translation.

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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4
Q

How many strands does RNA have?

A

one

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5
Q

Name the 3 things that make up an RNA nucleotide.

A

ribose sugar, phosphate and base

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6
Q

Name the 4 bases found in RNA.

A

guanine, cytosine, adenine and uracil

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7
Q

Which base is NOT found in RNA?

A

thymine

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8
Q

Which base replaces thymine in RNA?

A

uracil (U)

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9
Q

How many bases make up a codon?

A

3

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10
Q

On which molecule do you find codons?

A

mRNA

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11
Q

What does the ‘m’ in mRNA stand for?

A

messenger

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12
Q

Where does mRNA travel from and to?

A

nucleus to the ribosomes

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13
Q

What does a codon code for?

A

one amino acid

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14
Q

What name is given to 3 bases on the tRNA?

A

anticodon

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15
Q

What does the tRNA carry to the ribosome?

A

a specific amino acid

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16
Q

Name the 2 things that form the ribosome.

A

rRNA and proteins

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17
Q

What does the ‘r’ stand for in rRNA?

A

ribosomal

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18
Q

Name the enzyme involved in transcription.

A

RNA polymerase

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19
Q

What unwinds the DNA?

A

RNA polymerase

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20
Q

Name the bonds broken between the bases of DNA.

A

hydrogen

21
Q

What breaks the bonds between the bases of DNA?

A

RNA polymerase

22
Q

What synthesises the primary transcript of mRNA?

A

RNA polymerase

23
Q

What does RNA polymerase use to synthesise the primary transcript?

A

RNA nucleotides

24
Q

What is the RNA base pairing for G on the DNA?

A

C

25
Q

What is the RNA base pairing for C on the DNA?

A

G

26
Q

What is the RNA base pairing for T on the DNA?

A

A

27
Q

What is the RNA base pairing for A on the DNA?

A

U (don’t tell me you said T?!)

numpty
a stupid or ineffectual person.
“confused numpties who have little idea of what they’re talking about”

28
Q

Name the base beginning with U in RNA.

A

uracil

29
Q

What process converts the primary transcript into the mature transcript?

A

RNA splicing

30
Q

Where does RNA splicing take place?

A

nucleus

31
Q

What is the primary transcript made up of?

A

introns and exons

32
Q

What is the mature transcript made up of?

A

exons

33
Q

What are INtrons?

A

non-coding regions (IN the bIN)

34
Q

What are EXons?

A

regions that are EXpressed, coding regions

35
Q

What happens to the order of the exons during splicing?

A

The order remains unchanged

36
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

ribosomes

37
Q

Which molecule is translated into a polypeptide?

A

mRNA

38
Q

Where on the mRNA does translation begin?

A

start codon

39
Q

Where on the mRNA does translation end?

A

stop codon

40
Q

What do anticodons bond to?

A

codons

41
Q

What do codons bond to?

A

anticodons

42
Q

What bond joins the amino acids together?

A

peptide

43
Q

Once two amino acids are joined together, what happens to the first tRNA molecule?

A

It leaves the ribosome

44
Q

What do we call a long chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds?

A

A polypeptide

45
Q

Name the process that results in different proteins being expressed from one gene.

A

alternative RNA splicing

46
Q

How can different mature transcripts be obtained from the same primary transcript?

A

It depends on which exons are retained

47
Q

What must happen to the polypeptide chain for it to become a protein?

A

folded into a 3-D shape

48
Q

What holds the 3-D shape of the protein in place?

A

hydrogen bonds and interactions between amino acids

49
Q

What determines an individual’s phenotype?

A

proteins produced as a result of gene expression

Higher Biology (24 decks)

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