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Higher Biology > Food Supply, Plant Growth and Productivity > Flashcards

Food Supply, Plant Growth and Productivity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 aspects of food security?

A
  1. Access to food
  2. Quantity of food
  3. Quality of food
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2
Q

What has caused a demand for increased food production?

A

Increase in human population & concern for food security

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3
Q

What process is all food production ultimately dependent on?

A

Photosynthesis

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4
Q

Give some examples of plant crops.

A

cereals, potato, roots and legumes.

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5
Q

State some factors that will increase food production.

A
  1. breeding for higher yielding cultivars
  2. use of fertiliser
  3. protecting crops from pests, disease & competition
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6
Q

Why do livestock produce less food per unit area than crop plants?

A

Due to the energy loss between trophic levels (90% loss)

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7
Q

What is the advantage of livestock production?

A

Not all land is suitable for growing crops

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8
Q

State 2 reasons why light energy is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments.

A

Generate ATP and photolysis

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9
Q

What are 2 possible consequences of light energy that is not absorbed?

A

Reflected or transmitted

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10
Q

Name the 2 main pigments found inside chloroplasts.

A

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

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11
Q

Which 2 colours are mainly absorbed by chlorophyll a and b?

A

red and blue wavelengths

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12
Q

Name the 2 pigments that make up the carotenoids.

A

carotene and xanthophyll

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13
Q

What is the advantage to plants of having carotenoids?

A

They extend the range of wavelengths absorbed and pass the energy to chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

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14
Q

What effect does absorbed light energy have on the pigment?

A

it excites electrons in the pigment molecule

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15
Q

What happens to these excited electrons?

A

They pass through the electron transport chain

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16
Q

Name the enzyme that produces ATP in the electron transport chain.

A

ATP synthase

17
Q

What does light energy do during photolysis?

A

Splits water into hydrogen and oxygen

18
Q

What is the fate of the oxygen?

A

It is evolved

19
Q

What is the name of the coenzyme that hydrogen ions are transferred to.

A

NADP

20
Q

What does NADP become when hydrogen ions have transferred to it?

A

NADPH

21
Q

What is another name for the carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis?

A

The Calvin cycle

22
Q

What gas is required for the Calvin cycle?

A

carbon dioxide

23
Q

Name the enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide and what is carbon dioxide attached to?

A

RuBisCO

ribulose biphosphate

24
Q

Name the molecule produced when carbon dioxide is fixed to ribulose biphosphate by RuBisCO.

A

3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)

25
Q

What is added to 3-phosphoglycerate during phosphorylation?

A

phosphate

26
Q

Where does the phosphate come from?

A

ATP

27
Q

Where does the ATP come from?

A

The first stage (the electron transport chain)

28
Q

Hydrogen ions are also added to 3-phosphoglycerate, where do they come from?

A

NADPH - from photolysis, splitting of water in the first stage

29
Q

What molecule is produced when hydrogen ions and phosphate molecules are added to 3-phosphoglycerate?

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

30
Q

In the Calvin cycle, what 2 things does glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate become?

A

ribulose biphosphate

glucose

31
Q

State the 4 possible fates of glucose produced during photosynthesis.

A
  1. respiratory substrate
  2. starch for storage
  3. cellulose - structural carbohydrate
  4. passed to other biosynthetic pathways (to produce DNA, protein & fat)
32
Q

What does the absorption spectrum show?

A

It shows the wavelengths of light absorbed by the different pigments in the leaf.

33
Q

What does the action spectrum show?

A

How effective the different wavelengths are at photosynthesis.

Higher Biology (24 decks)

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