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Medical Microbiology > Viral Hepatitis > Flashcards

Viral Hepatitis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of liver diseases?

A

Alcohol
Toxic
Autoimmune
Infectious (viral, bacterial, parasite)

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2
Q

What are the types of hepatitis infection?

A

Acute

Chronic

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3
Q

How long does acute hepatitis last?

A

0-6 months

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4
Q

How long for chronic hepatitis?

A

> 6 months

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5
Q

What are the features of acute hepatitis?

A

Short term duration
Presents with clinical symptoms
Patient recovery
Infection resolves

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6
Q

What are the features of chronic hepatitis?

A

Delayed clinical presentation
Inflammation and fibrosis signs of progressive disease
Persistent
Higher risk of developing hepatic encephalopathy and liver carcinoma

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hepatitis?

A 
Infected hepatocytes
Antigen presentation MHC class I
CD8 cytotoxic T cells
Inflammation
Liver damage
Symptoms 
ALT/ATP level rise
Jaundice
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8
Q

What are the symptoms of hepatitis?

A 
Jaundice
Fever 
Pain
Dark urine
Itching
Pale stools
Sickness
Anorexia
Myalgia 
Arthralgia 
Malaise
Hepatomegaly
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9
Q

What does AST stand for?

A

Aspartate aminotransferase

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10
Q

What does ALT stand for?

A

Alanine aminotransferase

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11
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellowing of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, pale stool and dark urine due to accumulation of bilirubin in blood and tissues

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12
Q

What are the types of jaundice?

A

Pre-hepatic jaundice
Intra-hepatic jaundice
Post-hepatic jaundice

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13
Q

What is pre-hepatic jaundice?

A

Increased breakdown of RBCs caused by extrinsic disease

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14
Q

What extrinsic disease can cause pre-hepatic jaundice?

A

Malaria
Sickle cell anaemia
Thalassaemia

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15
Q

What is intra-hepatic jaundice?

A

Damage to hepatocytes causes loss of liver function therefore altered metabolism of bilirubin

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16
Q

What is intra-hepatic jaundice caused by?

A 
Infectious disease (hepatitis A-E, CMV/EBV)
Alcohol abuse
17
Q

What is post-hepatic jaundice?

A

Damage or blockage of the bile duct system

18
Q

What is post-hepatic jaundice caused by?

A

Gallstones
Pancreatic cancer
Gallbladder cancer

19
Q

What is liver cirrhosis?

A

Loss of function through excessive damage and scarring

20
Q

What are the symptoms of liver cirrhosis?

A

Weight loss
Ascites
Peripheral oedema
Irregular coagulation

21
Q

What is hepatitis A?

A

Small single stranded RNA virus

One serotype, 7 genotypes

22
Q

What is the structure of HAV?

A 
30nm
Naked viron
ssRNA in protein shell
No envelope
4 viral proteins
23
Q

What are the 4 viral proteins of HAV?

A

VP1
VP2
VP3
VP4

24
Q

How is HAV transmitted?

A

Faecal oral route

Contaminated food, water, close personal contact

25
Q

What is the infectious period of HAV?

A

2 weeks prior to and 1 week after onset of jaundice

26
Q

What is the incubation period of HAV?

A

15-45 days

27
Q

Is HAV chronic?

A

No

28
Q

Is there a vaccine available for HAV?

A

Yes for selected populations

29
Q

How is HAV diagnosed?

A

Clinical presentation
Serological analysis
Total anti-HAV Ab
HAV IgM raised during acute phase (drops at 6 months)

30
Q

What is the structure of HBV?

A 
42nm
Inner icosahedral core 27nm
Spherical 
Enveloped viron
Surface antigens and glycoproteins
Circular dsDNA
31
Q

How long is the incubation period for HBV?

A

6-26 weeks

32
Q

How is HBV transmitted?

A 
Blood borne
Sex
Perenteral
Direct
Horizontal transfer from mother to foetus
33
Q

Who is at risk of HBV infection?

A

IVDA
Tattoos
Transfusions and blood products
Unprotected sex

34
Q

What percentage of HBV are asymptomatic?

A

90%

35
Q

How many people become chronic carriers of HBV?

A

350-400 million

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