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Year 11 second half > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of the eye and functions

A

the eye is a sense organ
It contains receptor cells that are sensitive to
light: rod cells
Colour: cone cells

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2
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent lens that refracted light as it enters the eye

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3
Q

iris

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

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4
Q

lens

A

Transparent disc that can change shape to focus light onto the retina

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5
Q

Retina

A

Contains light receptor cells - rods detect light intensity and cones detect colour

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6
Q

Optic nerve

A

sensory neurone that carries impulses between the eye and the brain

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7
Q

pupil

A

Hole that allows light to enter the eye

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8
Q

the pupil reflex

A

The muscles of the iris control how much light enters the eye, depending on whether we are in a bright or dim environment.

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9
Q

What are the two types of receptor cells in the retina

A

rods which are sensitive to dim light

Cones which distinguish between different colours in bright light

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10
Q

Hormone

A

a chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

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11
Q

what are the glands that produce hormones in animals called

A

endocrine system

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12
Q

Growth hormone

A

regulates growth and physical development. It can stimulate growth in almost all of your tissues. Its primary targets are bones and muscles

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13
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

This hormoneactivates your thyroid to release thyroid hormones. Your thyroid gland and the hormones it produces are crucial for metabolism.

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14
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone.

A

This hormonestimulates your adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other hormones.

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15
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone.

A

is involved with oestrogen secretion and the growth of egg cells in women. It’s also important for sperm cell production in men

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16
Q

Luteinising hormone

A

is involved in the production of estrogen in women and testosterone in men.

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17
Q

Adrenaline is known as

A

the fight or flight hormone as it isproduced in situations where the body may be in danger

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18
Q

What does adrenaline do to the body

A

Increasing blood glucose concentrationforincreased respiration in muscle cells
Increasing pulse rateandbreathing rateso glucose and oxygen can bedelivered to muscle cells, and carbon dioxide taken away, from muscles cellsmore quickly
Diverting blood flow towards musclesand away from non-essential parts of the body such as the alimentary canal; again to ensure the reactants of respiration are as available as possible
Dilating pupilsto allow as much light as possible to reach the retina somore information can be sent to the brain

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19
Q

Problems that can be caused by malnutrition

A

constipiation
Coronary heart disease
obesity

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20
Q

Which tissue in the stem does liquid travel through to reach the petals?

A

xylem

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21
Q

Describe the correct sequence for the movement of blood in a mammal

A

body -> heart -> lungs -> heart

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22
Q

Describe species

A

a group of organisms that reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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23
Q

Two features of most reptiles

A

Fertilisation is internal

Lay eggs

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24
Q

Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from plant leaves by _______

A

Evaporation

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25
Q

the effect of humidity on the rate of transpiration

A

As humidity increases the rate of transpiration decreases

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26
Q

State the name of vessels that transport water in plants

A

xylem

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27
Q

State the name of the cells where water enter a plant

A

root hair cell

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28
Q

Two other parts of the large intestine

A

Colon, Rectum

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29
Q

Which structure carries nerve impulses away from the central nervous system

A

motor nerve

30
Q

Describe a simple reflex arc

A

For example, a simple reflex arc happens if we accidentally touch something hot. Receptor in the skin detects a stimulus (the change in temperature). Sensory neuron sends electrical impulses to a relay neuron, which is located in the spinal cord of the CNS

31
Q

State the name of the junction between two neurones

A

synapse

32
Q

Diabetes type 1

A

a condition where the blood glucose levels are not able to be regulated as the insulin secreting cells in the pancreas are not able to produce insulin

33
Q

State the storage carbohydrate made from glucose in liver cells

A

Glycogen

34
Q

two ways the body releases water

A

Sweating

Excreting

35
Q

Name the part of the body which coordinates the changes in the skin to keep the body temperature
at 37 °C

A

Brain

36
Q

List three stimuli that are detected by sense organs.

A

light
sound
temperature

37
Q

the process that allows the eye to view objects at different distances.

A

accommodation

38
Q

the part of the eye that has the highest concentration of light-sensitive cells and gives the
most detailed image.

A

fovea

39
Q

State the name of the organ that produces adrenaline

A

adrenal (gland)

40
Q

Define drugs

A

A substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions

41
Q

define the use of antibiotics

A

The treatment of bacterial infection

42
Q

Are all bacteria resistant to antibiotics

A

Some bacteria are resistant but others are not

43
Q

The effects of excessive alcohol consumption and abuse of heroin

A

you have less self control
You are worse at driving
You feel numb
more likely to commit crime

44
Q

What infection can you get from heroin

A

HIV

45
Q

What can excessive alcohol consumption cause

A

liver damage

46
Q

What can tobacco smoking cause

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, coronary heart disease.

47
Q

What is the site of break down of alcohol and other toxins

A

the liver

48
Q

What does heroin do to the nervous system

A

It slows down the nervous system

49
Q

what do medical drugs do

A

They relive pain

50
Q

How do antibiotics work

A

Antibiotics work by blocking vital processes in bacteria, killing the bacteria or stopping them from multiplying. This helps the body’s natural immune system to fight the bacterial infection. Different antibiotics work against different types of bacteria.

51
Q

why do antibiotics not kill viruses

A

Antibiotics cannot kill viruses because viruses have different structures and replicate in a different way than bacteria

52
Q

how do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

A

Bacteria develop resistance mechanisms by using instructions provided by their DNA. Often, resistance genes are found within plasmids, small pieces of DNA that carry genetic instructions from one germ to another. This means that some bacteria can share their DNA and make other germs become resistant

53
Q

how can we minimise the number of bacteria that become resistant to antibiotics

A

Minimise unnecessary prescribing and overprescribing of antibiotics. …
Complete the entire course of any prescribed antibiotic so that it can be fully effective and not breed resistance.
Practise good hygiene such as hand-washing and use appropriate infection control procedures.

54
Q

The effects of the abuse of heroin

A

heroin is a powerful depressant
It is a narcotic, producing a dream like feeling of relaxation and reducing severe pain
it is very addictive
The body develops a tolerance for the drug, so people increase the amount they take. Thus leading to death by overdose

55
Q

withdrawal symptoms of heroin

A

Cramp, insomnia, vomiting, sweating, hallucinations

56
Q

Describe two effects of adrenaline on the body

A

increased rate of breathing

increased pulse and heart rate

57
Q

hormone released from the b a l l z

A

Testosterone

58
Q

Effects of small amounts of alcohol on body

A

• Small amounts – alcohol can relax the body and create a sense of wellbeing

59
Q

negative effects of alcohol

A
  • Poor judgments may leads to criminal activity and sexual promiscuity.
  • Long-term excessive drinking can lead to addiction (alcoholism).
  • This can lead to financial difficulties and family problems.
  • As the liver removes alcohol from the blood, heavy drinking can leas to liver damage such as cirrhosis

• Drinking can cause brain damage, peptic ulcers in the stomach and obesity.

60
Q

What is phototropism

A

Plant’s response to light

61
Q

What does the colours in urine mean

A

Dark yellow: Drink more water
Light yellow or clear: You are hydrated enough

Pee can be dark if you exercise, or if it is too hot.

62
Q

the role of the liver

A

The assimilation of amino acids by converting them to proteins

63
Q

deamination

A

The removal of nitrogen containing part of amino acids to form urea

64
Q

why do we need excretion

A

helps make the urea less toxic

65
Q

The structure of the kidney

A

the cortex, medulla, ureter.

66
Q

Why is kidney transplant better than dialysis

A

it is more convenient

67
Q

One substance that is excreted from the lungs and where it is produced

A

CO2, produced in cells

68
Q

One excretory substance that is removed by the kidneys, that contains nitrogen

A

urea

69
Q

Name the structure within a kidney that filters the blood

A

glomerulus

70
Q

The name of the mechanism that controls homeostasis

A

Negative feedback

71
Q

Two features of prokaryotes

A

no nucleus

Cell wall

Year 11 second half (42 decks)

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