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biology > DNA, genes and protein synthesis > Flashcards

DNA, genes and protein synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is a gene?

A

Section of DNA coding for an amino acid sequence/ polypeptide or functional RNA

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2
Q

How many bases code for an amino acid?

A

3

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3
Q

What doe the code being degenerate mean?

A

Many triplet codes can code for the same amino acid

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4
Q

What is the start code always coding for?

A

methionine

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5
Q

What do the last 3 triplets form?

A

Stop code

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6
Q

What are 3 properties of DNA?

A

Non overlapping, degenerate and universal

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7
Q

What are coding sequences called?

A

exons

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8
Q

What are non coding sequences called?

A

introns

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9
Q

What type of cells are introns present in?

A

Eukaryote

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10
Q

What do some of the introns code for?

A

Ribosomal and transfer rna

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11
Q

What is prokaryotic DNA like?

A

Short, circular, not associated with proteins so no chromosomes

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12
Q

What us eukaryotic DNA like?

A

Longer, line, associated with proteins called histones and in chromosomes

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13
Q

What is mitochondria and chloroplasts DNA like?

A

Prokaryotes DNA

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14
Q

When are chromosomes visible?

A

In cell division

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15
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

two chromatids and a centromere

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16
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes with a diploid number where half the DNA is from the mother and half from the father that carry the same gene but not necessarily the same allele

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17
Q

What is an allele?

A

One of a number of alternative forms of a gene

18
Q

What leads to mutations?

A

Changes in the base sequence of a gene which produces a new allele

19
Q

Why are mutations often bad?

A

New polypeptide chain makes a protein which may not fit substrate so can’t perform it’s function

20
Q

What happens when each part of the DNA is read?

A

Transcribed into messenger RNA

21
Q

What is a codon on mRNA?

A

sequence of 3 bases that codes for an amino acid

22
Q

What is a genome?

A

Complete set of genes including mitochondria and chloroplasts DNA

23
Q

What is the proteome?

A

Full range of proteins produced by the genome

24
Q

What structure is RNA?

A

Single strand

25
Q

What makes up an RNA nucleotide?

A

Ribose, phosphate and either A,U,C or G base

26
Q

What are the two main types of RNA?

A

messenger RNA and Transfer RNA

27
Q

Is tRNA or mRNA more stable?

A

mRNA

28
Q

How long is mRNA and what are the bases determined by?

A

1000s of nucleotides the bases are determined by bases on DNA during transcription

29
Q

Where does mRNA go?

A

It leaves the nucleus enters cytoplasm and associates with the ribosomes and acts as a template strand for protein synthesis

30
Q

How is information arranged in mRNA?

A

In codons where 3 bases are complementary to the bases in DNA and the codons code for a amino acid which determines the sequence.

31
Q

What is the shape of tRNA

A

Single strand folded into a clover shape where one end extends so specific amino acid can attatch and other end 3 bases make up the anticodon.

32
Q

What are the two main stages of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and translation

33
Q

What happens first in transcription?

A

Part of DNA molecule unwinds and unzips due to hydrogen bonds being broken between bases which is catalysed by DNA helicase

34
Q

What happens after DNA has been unwinded in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase catalyses the addition of free nucleotides which complementary base pair to form pre mRNA molecules

35
Q

How is it ensured that the molecule remains stable?

A

DNA strand joins on after so only 12 nucleotides are ever exposed at once.

36
Q

What happens in translation in eukaryotes which doesn’t in prokaryotes?

A

Splicing where introns are removed

37
Q

What happens first in translation?

A

mRNA is passed out the nuclear pore and a ribosome attaches to the start codon of and the complementary anticodon carries a specific amino acid

38
Q

What happens to the two tRNA amino acids in translation?

A

Joined by a peptide bond using an enzyme and ATP

39
Q

What happens once the 3rd amino acid is joined?

A

1st tRNA molecule can leave and can collect another amino acid from the cytoplasm

40
Q

When does the polypeptide chain stop growing?

A

When it reaches the stop codon

41
Q

What is a polysome system?

A

When a number of ribosomes combine

42
Q

How is the protein assembled at the end of protein synthesis?

A

Polypeptide is coiled or folded producing a secondary structure which is folded again to give the tertiary structure and different polypeptide chains along with non protein groups link to form tertiary structure

biology (22 decks)

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