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Personal Training > Chapter 2: Basic Exercise Science > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Basic Exercise Science Flashcards

1
Q

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal system.

A

Human Movement System

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2
Q

Billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body

A

Nervous System

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3
Q

The Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

A

.Sensory Function

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4
Q

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.

A

Integrative function

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5
Q

The neuromuscular response to the sensory info

A

.Motor Function

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6
Q

Proprioception

A

The cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement.

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7
Q

Neuron

A

The functional unit of the nervous system

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8
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

A

Muscles or organs –> Brain or spinal cord

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

Neuron –> Neuron

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10
Q

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

A

Brain or Spinal Cord –> Muscles or Organs

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11
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

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13
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues, (touch, taste)

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14
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

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15
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ

A

Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change

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16
Q

Joint Receptors

A

Receptor surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration. and deceleration of the joint

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17
Q

Skeletal System

A

The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints

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18
Q

Bones

A

Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

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19
Q

Joints

A

Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissues at which movement occurs AKA an articulation

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20
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

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21
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Upper & Lower extremities, Shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle

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22
Q

Remodeling

A

The process of resorption and formation of bones

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23
Q

Osteoclasts

A

bone cell that removes bone tissue

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24
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Type of cell that is responsible for bone formation

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25
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of long bones, mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also on of the primary sites for bone growth

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26
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft portion of a long bone

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27
Q

Epipyseal Plate

A

The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of diaphysis occurs

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28
Q

Periosteum

A

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone, except that of the articulation surfaces in joints, which are covered by synovial membrane

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29
Q

Medullar Cavity

A

The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored

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30
Q

Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage

A

Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones

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31
Q

Depressions

A

Flattened or indented portions of bone which can be a muscle attachment sites

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32
Q

Processes

A

Projection protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach

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33
Q

Vertebral Column

A

A sense of irregularly shaped bones called vertebra that houses the spinal cord

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34
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Joint motion

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35
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body

36
Q

Nonsynovial Joints

A

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage

37
Q

Ligament

A

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement

38
Q

Muscular System

A

Series of muscles that moves the skeleton

39
Q

Epimysium

A

A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle

40
Q

Perimysium

A

The connective tissue that surrounds fasicicles

41
Q

Endomysium

A

The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

42
Q

Tendons

A

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

43
Q

Sarcomere

A

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin

44
Q

Neural Activation

A

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation

45
Q

Motor Unit

A

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

46
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle

47
Q

What are the 3 Primary Functions of the Nervous System?

A

Sensory, Integrative, Motor

48
Q

What are the responsibilities of the Nervous System?

A

Recruitment of muscles, learned pattern of movements, Functioning of organs in the body

49
Q

What does training proprioceptive abilities improve?

A

Balance, Posture, Coordination, Ability to adapt

50
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a Neuron?

A

Cell body, Axon, dendrites

51
Q

What are the major components of the nervous system?

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons, Motor (efferent) neurons, interneurons

52
Q

When excited, what does the muscle spindle cause the muscle to do?

A

Contract to prevent the muscle from stretching too far or too fast

53
Q

When excited, what does the GTO cause the muscle to do?

A

Relax in order to prevent the muscle from being placed under excessive stress.

54
Q

What are the 5 major types of Bones?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

55
Q

What are the characteristics of long bones? Give an example.

A

long body w/irregular or widened bony ends. Femur

56
Q

What are the characteristics of short bones? Give an example.

A

Similar in length & width, cubical in shape and somewhat spongy tissue. Carpals of the hands

57
Q

What are the characteristics of sesamoid bones? Give an example.

A

small, round bones embedded in the joint capsule or in locations where tendons pass over a joint. Patella

58
Q

What are the characteristics of irregular bones. Give an example.

A

bones of unique shape or function. Vertebrae

59
Q

What are the characteristics of flat bones? Give an example.

A

Thin bones comprising of two layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue. Scapula

60
Q

What are the 3 typical joint motions?

A

Roll, slide, spin

61
Q

What is the outer layer of the skeletal muscle composed of?

A

Fascia and Epimysium

62
Q

What is the middle layer of the skeletal muscle composed of?

A

Fascicle and perimysium

63
Q

What is the inner layer of the skeletal muscle composed of?

A

Muscle fibers and Endomysium

64
Q

What is a muscle fiber encased by?

A

Sarcolemma

65
Q

What does Sarcolemma contain?

A

Sarcoplasm and myofibrils

66
Q

What is Sarcoplasm contained of?

A

Glycogen. Fats, minerals, and oxygen-binding myoglobin. And nuclei & mitochondria

67
Q

What are the two types of filaments in myofibrils?

A

Actin (thin) and Myosin (thick)

68
Q

What is Tropomyosin?

A

Keeps myosin from attaching to actin when muscle is relaxed.

69
Q

What is Troponin?

A

Provides bindin sites for calcium and tropomyosin when muscle needs to contract.

70
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A
  1. Neural activation
  2. Thick & Thin filaments slide past one another
  3. Entire length of sacomere is shortened which enables the muscle to generate force
71
Q

Agonist

A

Prime mover; most responsible for movement

72
Q

Synergist

A

Assist prime movers

73
Q

Stabalizer

A

supports or stabilizes the body while the prime movers and synergists perform the movement

74
Q

Antogonist

A

perform the opposite action of the prime mover

75
Q

Levels significantly increase under times of stress to maintain an energy supply

A

Cortisol

76
Q

Stimulates “fight or flight” response

A

Epinepherine and norepinerphrine

77
Q

Regulates satiety (feeling of fullness)

A

Hypothalamus

78
Q

Maintains steady glucose levels in the blood

A

Pancreas

79
Q

Plays a fundamental role in growth and repair of tissue

A

Testosterone

80
Q

Is primarily an anabolic hormone that is responsible for most of the growth and development during childhood

A

Growth hormone

81
Q

What is the master gland of the Endocrine system?

A

Pituitary gland

82
Q

Which lobe of the Pituitary gland contains the growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH, thyroid TSH, Follicle FSH, and IH

A

Anterior

83
Q

Which lobe of the Pituitary gland contains the Melanocyte- stimulating hormone?

A

Intermidiate

84
Q

Which lobe of the Pituitary glandcontainse the antidiuretic hormone ADH and oxytocin?

A

Posterior

85
Q

Releases hormones responsible for metabolism

A

Thyroid gland

86
Q

Low metabolism, fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, weight gain are conditions

A

Low Thyroid Function

87
Q

Secretes hormone in response to stress?

A

Adrenal glands

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