Energy Metabolism Flashcards
Describe the role of ATP in the human body
- ATP has a very essential role in maintaining metabolism, body temperature, different body processes such as digestion, circulation, excretion, and many other different activities. When the cell needs energy, the molecule of ATP breaks via hydrolysis. This energy is used for different body activities.
Explain the process of cellular respiration
- Glycolysis
- 1. Glycolysis. In glycolysis, glucose—a six-carbon sugar gets converted into two molecules of pyruvate, a three-carbon organic molecule. In these reactions, ATP is made - Pyruvate oxidation
- Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into the mitochondrial matrix— and it’s converted into a two-carbon molecule bound acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is generated - Citric acid cycle
- The acetyl CoA combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately regenerating the four-carbon starting molecule. ATP, NADH and FADH2 are produced, and carbon dioxide is released. - Oxidative phosphorylation
- The NADH and FADH2 deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain, turning back into their “empty” forms. As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.
Define cellular respiration
- metabolic processes that take place within a cell.
- Process of breaking down sugar and converting it to energy
Outline the contributions of different fuel sources to energy metabolism during exercise of different intensities
- During low-intensity activities, the body will use aerobic metabolism over anaerobic metabolism, because it is more efficient and produces larger amounts of ATP.
- Mainly fatty acids
- Small Amount of glucose.
- High intensity exercise – Fat, Carbohydrate
Define deamination and How does the process of deamination provide energy
- the removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound.
- deamination is used to break down amino acids for energy. The amino group is removed from the amino acid and converted to ammonia. The rest of the amino acid is made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen, and is recycled
Identify the components of the lock and key mechanism
- Key = Substrate
- Lock = Enzyme
- Active site = where substrate binds to enzyme
- Fit = Reaction, No Fit = No reaction
Define lock and key mechanism
• A theory to explain the mechanism of enzymatic reactions, in which it is proposed that the enzyme and substrate(s) bind temporarily to form an enzyme–substrate complex.
What are the cells major energy transforming activities
- Extract potentional energy from food and conserve it within the bonds of ATP
- Extract and transfer the chemical energy in ATP to power biologic work
Detail the role of adenosine diphosphate in the formation of ATP
- ADP is combined with a phosphate to form ATP in the reaction ADP+Pi+free energy→ATP+H2O. The energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP is used to perform cellular work
- If a cell needs to spend energy to accomplish a task, the ATP molecule splits off one of its three phosphates, becoming ADP (Adenosine di-phosphate) + phosphate. The energy holding that phosphate molecule is now released and available to do work for the cell.
Which enzyme catalyzes PCr in the process of ATP generation
Creatine phosphate
Summaries the ATP-PCr system
- An anaerobic energy system in which the generation of ATP is coupled with the exergonic (energy-releasing) breakdown of phosphocreatine stored in muscle cells. The breakdown frees inorganic phosphate, which then combines with ADP to form ATP. The ATP-PCr system is the quickest source of ATP for muscle actions.
Define hydrolysis
- the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water
Define glycolysis
- A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen. Glycolysis is one method that cells use to produce energy.
Outline the byproducts of glycolysis
- Two pyruvate
- Two NADH
- Two ATP
List the three components of the aerobic oxidative energy pathway
- Aerobic glycolysis
- Krebs cycle / Citric acid cycle
- Electron transport chain
