102 Flashcards
(13 cards)
What is the most important risk factor for cervical dysplasia and carcinoma?
Persistent infection with high-risk HPV (types 16 and 18).
Which histologic change is seen in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)?
Disordered epithelial growth beginning at the basal layer and extending outward.
What is the mechanism by which HPV causes cervical cancer?
E6 inhibits p53 and E7 inhibits Rb, leading to loss of cell cycle regulation.
What is the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-age women?
Anovulatory cycles.
What is the key histologic feature of endometrial hyperplasia?
Increased gland-to-stroma ratio.
Which mutation is commonly associated with endometrioid endometrial carcinoma?
PTEN mutation.
What is the most common malignant ovarian tumor?
High-grade serous carcinoma.
What tumor marker is used to follow epithelial ovarian carcinoma?
CA-125.
Which ovarian tumor is associated with precocious puberty and abnormal uterine bleeding?
Granulosa cell tumor (secretes estrogen).
What are the characteristic cells seen in dysgerminoma?
Large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei (fried-egg appearance).
What is the most common cause of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma?
HPV infection or chronic inflammation (lichen sclerosus).
Which vaginal tumor is associated with DES exposure in utero?
Clear cell adenocarcinoma.
What is the classic histologic feature of sarcoma botryoides (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma)?
Spindle-shaped tumor cells with cross-striations and a cambium layer beneath the epithelium.
