102 - Innate immunity

Question 1

What are the signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 1

Redness, swelling, pain, heat, loss of function

Question 2

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 2

Drainage, fat absorption, immune system

Question 3

What happens in lymph nodes?

Answer 3

Antigen trapping, processing and presentation to Tcells
Cytokine production
Filters

Question 4

Where does lymph drain back into the blood stream?

Answer 4

Thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct) - most of the body
R lymphatic duct - R quadrant of body

Question 5

What is the function of the thymus?

Answer 5

Programs to recognise self MHC

Question 6

What is the production of WBC’s called?

Answer 6

Leukopoisesis

Question 7

What WBCs are agranular?

Answer 7

Lymphocytes - T cells, B cells NK cells

Monocytes - macrophages

Question 8

What WBCs are granular

Answer 8

Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

Question 9

Which WBCs are of lymphoid origin?

Answer 9

Lymphocytes - T, B NK cells

Question 10

Which WBCs are of myeloid origin?

Answer 10

Monocytes-macrophages
Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

Question 11

What do basophils become, what do they produce?

Answer 11

Mast cells - histamine and chemotaxins

Question 12

What is the complement cascade?

Answer 12

Series of functionally linked circulating proteins that when triggered, via an enzyme cascade, aid in eliminating foreign organisms

Question 13

What are the 4 ways the complement cascade aids defence?

Answer 13

Inflammation - C3a, C5a
Phagocytosis marking - oposins
Membrane attack complex
Chemoattractants

Question 14

What are the 3 different ways the complement cascade can be activated?

Answer 14

Alternative - spontaneous generation of C3b
Classical - antibodies trigger it
Lectin - Mannose binding lectin triggers it

Question 15

What are cytokines?

Answer 15

Small secreted protiens involved in communication, over short distances (cell-cell)

• stimulate responses
• Regulate immune respinse

Question 16

How do cells recognise microbes?

Answer 16

Microbes express conserved patterns - PAMPS - recognised by PRR receptors on innate immune system

• Initiates inflammation and mediates phagocytosis

Question 17

What occurs in acute inflammation?

Answer 17

Vascular changes - vasodilation, increase permiablilty

Cellular changes - recruitment of WBCs, transmigration, extraversion

Question 18

What is the outcome of acute inflammation?

Answer 18

Resolution
Suppuration (pus/abscess)
Organisation (scar form)
crhonic inflammation?
Sepsis?

Question 19

What occurs in chronic infection?

Answer 19

Active inflammation, tissue destruction and repair simultaneously

• infiltration of mononuclear WBS
• tissue destruction
• Healing attemps

Question 20

What would you use to treat a steptococcus skin infection?

Answer 20

Penicillin V

Question 21

What owuld you use to treat a staphlococcus skin infection?

Answer 21

Flucloxacillin

Question 22

What would you use to treat anaerobic infection?

Answer 22

Metranidozole

Question 23

What antibiotics disrupt cell walls?

Answer 23

B lactams - penicillins

Glycopeptides

Question 24

What antibiotics disrupt nucleic acid synthesis?

Answer 24

Metranidazole
Quinolones
Rifampicin

Question 25

Which antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 25

Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides

Question 26

Which antibiotics have an antimetabolite activity?

Answer 26

Sulphonamides

Trimethoprim

Question 27

How does penicillin work?

Answer 27

Disrupts cell wall

Question 28

How does metronidazole work?

Answer 28

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

Question 29

How does erythromycin work?

Answer 29

Inhibits protein synthesis

Question 30

How does trimethoprim work?

Answer 30

Antimetabolite activity