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BIO235 A & P by Tortora and Derrickson 15th ED > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone?

a) Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment
b) Regulates metabolism
c) Regulates glandular secretions
d) Produces electrolytes
e) Controls growth and development

A

d) Produces electrolytes

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2
Q

When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease. This is called

a) receptor recognition.
b) sensory adaptation.
c) paracrine regulation.
d) up-regulation.
e) down-regulation.

A

e) down-regulation.

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3
Q

Which of the choices below is a type of hormone that acts on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream?

  1. Local hormone
  2. Paracrine
  3. Autocrine
  4. Circulating hormone

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 4 only
e) Both 1 and 2

A

e) Both 1 and 2

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4
Q

Which of the following are a group of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol?

a) Steroids
b) Thyroid hormones
c) Nitric oxide
d) Amine hormones
e) Peptide hormones

A

a) Steroids

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5
Q

Which of the following is an eicosanoid?

  1. Prostaglandin
  2. Leukotriene
  3. Glycoprotein

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) Both 1and 2
e) All of these choices

A

d) Both 1and 2

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6
Q

Which of the following statements correctly compares water-soluble hormones with lipid-soluble hormones?

a) Both types of hormone are carried in the blood attached to a carrier protein.
b) Both types of hormone almost always stimulate increases in mRNA transcription.
c) Only water-soluble hormones use second messengers.
d) Only water-soluble hormones require a receptor.
e) Lipid-soluble hormones are not found in the bloodstream.

A

c) Only water-soluble hormones use second messengers.

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7
Q

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, it is called a(n)

a) synergistic effect.
b) permissive effect.
c) antagonistic effect.
d) circulating effect.
e) local effect.

A

c) antagonistic effect.

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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common method of stimulating hormone secretion from an endocrine cell?

a) Signals from the nervous system
b) Chemical changes in the blood
c) Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell
d) Releasing hormones.
e) Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

A

c) Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

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9
Q

What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland?

a) Muscle contraction
b) The peripheral nervous system
c) Hormones released from the hypothalamus
d) Action potentials from the thalamus
e) Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

c) Hormones released from the hypothalamus

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10
Q

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates general body growth?

a) Growth hormone
b) Prolactin
c) Thyrotropin
d) Luteinizing hormone
e) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

a) Growth hormone

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11
Q

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production?

a) Luteinizing hormone
b) Prolactin
c) Thyrotropin
d) Melanocyte stimulating hormone
e) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

b) Prolactin

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12
Q

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol?

a) Leutinizing hormone
b) Prolactin
c) Insulin-like growth factors
d) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
e) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

e) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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13
Q

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the gonads to secrete progesterone and/or testosterone?

a) Luteinizing hormone
b) TSH
c) Corticotropin
d) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
e) Growth hormone

A

a) Luteinizing hormone

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14
Q

Which type of anterior pituitary cell secretes human growth hormone?

a) Thyrotrophs
b) Gonadotrophs
c) Somatotrophs
d) Lactotrophs
e) Corticotrophs

A

c) Somatotrophs

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15
Q

Which of the following pairs of hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

a) Prolactin and growth hormone
b) Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin
c) Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
d) Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone
e) Prolactin and ACTH

A

c) Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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16
Q

The amount of ADH that is secreted by the posterior pituitary glands varies with

a) blood osmotic pressure.
b) blood calcium levels.
c) blood oxygen levels.
d) blood glucose levels.
e) All of these choices.

A

a) blood osmotic pressure.

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17
Q

Which of the following hormones opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

a) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
b) Testosterone
c) Insulin
d) Calcitonin
e) Calcitriol

A

d) Calcitonin

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18
Q

Which of the following statements does NOT describe a step in the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4?

a) Iodide trapping
b) Oxidation of iodide
c) Coupling of T1 and T2
d) Synthesis of calcitonin
e) Iodination of tyrosine

A

d) Synthesis of calcitonin

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19
Q

Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the plasma concentration of which of the following ions?

a) Calcium
b) Sodium
c) Potassium
d) Chloride
e) Manganese

A

a) Calcium

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20
Q

Which of the following conditions would result from hyposecretion of aldosterone?

a) Decreased heart rate
b) Decreased airway dilation
c) Dehydration
d) Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain
e) Metabolic acidosis

A

c) Dehydration

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21
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of glucocorticoid stimulation?

a) Protein and fat breakdown
b) Glucose formation
c) Depression of immune responses
d) Reduction of inflammation
e) Increased production of all types of blood cells

A

e) Increased production of all types of blood cells

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22
Q

Which blood glucose-lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?

a) Insulin
b) Glucagon
c) Somatostatin
d) Thyroid hormones
e) Calcitonin

A

a) Insulin

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23
Q

Which of the following hormones promotes increases in the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

a) Insulin
b) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
c) Glucagon
d) Thyroid hormone
e) Calcitonin

A

d) Thyroid hormone

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24
Q

Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration?

a) Insulin
b) Luteinizing hormone
c) Glucagon
d) Parathyroid hormone
e) Calcitonin

A

c) Glucagon

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25
Q

Which of the following hormones play key regulatory roles in the body’s long-term response to stress?

a) Insulin, Glucagon, Thyroid hormone
b) hGH, Insulin, Aldosterone
c) Cortisol, hGH, Thyroid hormone
d) Parathyroid hormone, Cortisol, hGH
e) Calcitonin, Thyroid hormone, Insulin

A

c) Cortisol, hGH, Thyroid hormone

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26
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common response of the body to long-term stress?

a) Increased lipolysis
b) Increased glycogenesis
c) Increased gluconeogenesis
d) Increased digestive activities
e) Increased breakdown of proteins

A

d) Increased digestive activities

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27
Q

Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes hGH, TSH, FSH and other hormones?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) I
e) D

A

b) B

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28
Q

Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes hormones that regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

a) C
b) D
c) A
d) G
e) I

A

a) C

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29
Q

Which of the following labeled endocrine glands secretes hormones that regulate blood calcium levels?

a) B
b) A
c) H
d) D
e) I

A

e) I

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30
Q

Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes steroid hormones in response to long-term stress?

a) D
b) G
c) H
d) I
e) F

A

c) H

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31
Q

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland aging effect?

a) Rise in the blood levels of PTH
b) Less cortisol and aldosterone production
c) Decreased levels of gonadotropins
d) Decreased levels of calcitriol and calcitonin
e) Increase in thymus size

A

e) Increase in thymus size

32
Q

Which zone of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) None of the zones

A

a) A

33
Q

Which zone of the adrenal gland secretes androgens?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) None of the zones

A

c) C

34
Q

Which labeled structure in the diagram secretes glucagon?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

b) B

35
Q

Which labeled structure in the diagram secretes a hormone that stimulates events that lower blood glucose concentration?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

c) C

36
Q

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing of a body system and an endocrine contribution to that system?

a) Thyroid hormones promote normal development and growth of the skeleton.
b) Erythropoietin regulates the amount of oxygen carried in blood by adjusting the number of red blood cells.
c) Leptin enhances appetite.
d) Glucocorticoids depress inflammation and immune responses.
e) Epinephrine depresses the activity of the digestive system.

A

c) Leptin enhances appetite.

37
Q

Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of lipid-soluble versus water-soluble hormones.

A

Upon reaching their target cells, lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer of the target cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytosol or nucleus. The activated receptor usually acts by turning transcription of genes either on or off, thus regulating synthesis of a protein. Water-soluble hormones bind to membrane receptors, which activate intracellular signaling pathways that lead to changes in the cell’s metabolic activity.

38
Q

Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of hormone release from the pituitary gland.

A

The hypothalamus is the integrating center for much sensory input. It secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones which diffuse into the hypophyseal portal system to regulate secretion of all hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. The hypothalamus also contains receptors that monitor blood osmotic pressure and neural input from reproductive structures. Integration of this input leads to production of ADH and OT by neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus. These hormones are then transported through the hypothalamohypophyseal tract to be secreted by exocytosis from the posterior pituitary gland in response to nerve impulses.

39
Q

Enuresis, or bedwetting, may be caused by psychological, anatomical or physiological factors. In the latter case, vasopressin is often prescribed and is a very effective treatment. What is vasopressin? How can it prevent enuresis?

A

Vasopressin is also called antidiuretic hormone or ADH. In addition to its vasoconstrictive effects, ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water. Someone who does not make enough ADH may not be able to contain all of the urine produced while they are sleeping. If they are not awakened by the pressure in their urinary bladder, they may wet the bed instead of getting up and going to the toilet. Since vasopressin helps the body reabsorb more water, a person’s bladder should not get so full that they end up wetting the bed while sleeping.

40
Q

What is a goiter? Explain how goiters can develop in both hyposecretion and hypersecretion disorders. In these hyposecretion and hypersecretion disorders, would you expect the levels of other regulatory hormones involved in control of thyroid hormone secretion to be high or low? Why?

A

A goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland. Hyposecretion goiters are usually due to insufficient iodide in the diet. Resulting low levels of thyroid hormones cause increased TRH and TSH until adequate thyroid activity is restored. Graves’ disease causes hyperthyroidism by producing an antibody that mimics TSH. Thyroid enlargement occurs, and production of thyroid hormones increases. TRH and natural TSH remain low due to negative feedback, but TSH-mimicking antibody stimulates increased thyroid hormone production and secretion.

41
Q

Compare the metabolic changes that occur during starvation with those that occur in diabetes mellitus.

A

A starving person is lacking energy-providing nutrient sources, and so, must use structural components of the body as energy sources. The diabetic consumes adequate nutrients, but due to the lack of insulin, is unable to move glucose into cells, and so, cannot use the glucose as an energy source. In both cases, energy generation becomes dependent on non-glucose sources, such as fatty acids and amino acids. Mobilization and metabolism of fats and proteins for energy production purposes leads to ketoacidosis, weight loss, and hunger.

42
Q

Which of the following hormones is produced in zone of adrenal gland labeled B?

a) cortisol
b) epinephrine
c) norepinephrine
d) glucagon
e) androgens

A

a) cortisol

43
Q

Which of the following describes a function of a hormone produced in zone of the adrenal gland labeled B?

a) enables body to resist stressors and also increases blood glucose
b) intensifies sympathetic responses in other parts of the body
c) accelerates formation of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis)
d) stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair
e) stimulates breast development and milk secretion

A

a) enables body to resist stressors and also increases blood glucose

44
Q

Which of the following conditions could potentially result from hyposecretion of a hormone released by the portion of the marked gland in the diagram?

a) tetany
b) acromegaly
c) diabetes insipidus
d) goiter
e) Cushing’s syndrome

A

c) diabetes insipidus

45
Q

Identify the stalk-like structure labeled A in the diagram.

a) hypothalamus
b) anterior pituitary
c) posterior pituitary
d) infundibulum
e) hypophyseal fossa

A

d) infundibulum

46
Q

The endocrine gland shown in the diagram is found in a depression in the sphenoid bone (marked in the diagram) called the

a) maxilla.
b) infundibulum.
c) primary plexus.
d) cribiform plate.
e) hypophyseal fossa

A

e) hypophyseal fossa

47
Q

Which of the following bones (marked in the diagram) contains a depression which houses the endocrine gland shown in the diagram?

a) maxilla
b) sphenoid bone
c) mandible
d) ethmoid bone
e) temporal bone

A

b) sphenoid bone

48
Q

Which of the following hormones is produced by the cells marked in the thyroid follicle shown in the histology picture?

a) calcitonin
b) vasopressin
c) triiodothyronine (T3)
d) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
e) calcitriol

A

c) triiodothyronine (T3)

49
Q

Which of the following hormones is produced by the cells marked in the thyroid follicle shown in the histology picture?

a) calcitonin
b) vasopressin
c) triiodothyronine (T3)
d) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
e) calcitriol

A

a) calcitonin

50
Q

What is the major function of the hormone produced by the cells marked in the thyroid follicle shown in the histology picture?

a) Involved in regulation of calcium homeostasis.
b) Enhances contraction of smooth muscle cells in the uterus during delivery.
c) In females, initiates development of oocytes. In males, stimulates sperm production.
d) Decreases urine volume.
e) Increases blood levels of Na+ and water.

A

a) Involved in regulation of calcium homeostasis.

51
Q

Which of the following diseases result when the cells marked in the histology image are destroyed by the immune system?

a) Cushing’s disease
b) Addison’s disease
c) Acromegaly
d) Type 1 diabetes
e) Diabetes insipidus

A

d) Type 1 diabetes

52
Q

What endocrine abnormality does the individual on the left in the picture of identical twins have?

a) Goiter
b) Graves’ Disease
c) Type 2 diabetes
d) Cushing’s syndrome
e) Gigantism

A

e) Gigantism

53
Q

The disorder shown in one of the identical twins seen in this figure is due to a hypersecretion of hormones by which endocrine gland?

a) Thyroid gland
b) Pineal gland
c) Parathyroid gland
d) Pituitary gland
e) Pancreas

A

d) Pituitary gland

54
Q

The patient shown is suffering from a disease called _____, caused by a pituitary hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood.

a) Goiter
b) Graves’ Disease
c) Acromegaly
d) Cushing’s syndrome
e) Giantism

A

c) Acromegaly

55
Q

Which of the following endocrine disorders is the individual shown in this picture suffering from?

a) Acromegaly
b) Graves’ Disease
c) Goiter
d) Cushing’s syndrome
e) Giantism

A

c) Goiter

56
Q

Hypothyroidism during adulthood can produce which of the following disorders?

a) Acromegaly
b) Graves’ Disease
c) Hypoglycemia
d) Cushing’s syndrome
e) Myxedema

A

e) Myxedema

57
Q

The following is a possible progression of which of the following disorders: Inadequate dietary iodine intake 🡪 low level of thyroid hormone in blood 🡪 increased TSH secretion 🡪 thyroid gland enlargement.

a) Acromegaly
b) Tetany
c) Goiter
d) Cushing’s syndrome
e) Addison’s disease

A

c) Goiter

58
Q

Which of the following is an abnormal condition of excess androgen secretion, observed primarily in women, that is characterized by the presence of excessive body and facial hair in a male pattern?

a) Acromegaly
b) Tetany
c) Hirsutism
d) Gynecomastia
e) Myxedema

A

c) Hirsutism

59
Q

A condition characterized by excessive development of mammary glands in a male is called

a) acromegaly.
b) pheochromocytoma.
c) hirsutism.
d) gynecomastia.
e) myxedema.

A

d) gynecomastia.

60
Q

Hypersecretion of a hormone by the endocrine gland marked in the diagram results in a type of depression that affects some people during the winter months, when the day length is short, known as

a) thyroid crisis (storm).
b) general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
c) seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
d) Addisonian crisis.
e) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

A

c) seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

61
Q

Seasonal affective disorder is due to hypersecretion of which following hormones by the endocrine gland marked in the diagram?

a) testosterone
b) glucagon
c) melatonin
d) aldosterone
e) vasopressin

A

c) melatonin

62
Q

Which of the following hormones is produced by the endocrine gland marked in the diagram?

a) testosterone
b) glucagon
c) melatonin
d) thymopoietin
e) vasopressin

A

d) thymopoietin

63
Q

All prostaglandins are derived from a 20-carbon precursor molecule called

a) thromboxane.
b) intrinsic factor.
c) thymopoietin.
d) arachidonic acid.
e) cholesterol.

A

d) arachidonic acid.

64
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the

a) placenta.
b) ovaries.
c) testes.
d) pituitary gland.
e) hypothalamus.

A

a) placenta.

65
Q

Leptin is a hormone produced by the

a) placenta.
b) ovaries.
c) testes.
d) pituitary gland.
e) adipose tissue.

A

e) adipose tissue.

66
Q

The anterior pituitary develops from which of the following germ layers during embryonic development?

a) Mesoderm
b) Endoderm
c) Ectoderm
d) A combination of two of the layers
e) None of the answer selections are correct

A

c) Ectoderm

67
Q

The thyroid gland develops from which of the following germ layers during embryonic development?

a) Mesoderm
b) Endoderm
c) Ectoderm
d) A combination of two of the layers
e) None of the answer selections are correct

A

b) Endoderm

68
Q

The adrenal medulla develops from which of the following germ layers during embryonic development?

a) Mesoderm
b) Endoderm
c) Ectoderm
d) A combination of two of the layers
e) None of the answer selections are correct

A

c) Ectoderm

69
Q

Endocrine tissues that secrete steroid hormones are derived from

a) mesoderm.
b) endoderm.
c) ectoderm.
d) a combination of two or more layers.
e) none of the layers that are listed.

A

a) mesoderm.

70
Q

Which of the following glands is NOT an endocrine gland?

a) pituitary gland
b) thyroid gland
c) adrenal gland
d) sebaceous gland
e) pineal gland

A

d) sebaceous gland

71
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of an exocrine gland?

a) Initially secretes its products into a duct.
b) Secretes materials onto outer surface of the body.
c) Secretes materials into the lumen of hollow organs.
d) Its secretory products are carried in body fluids to distant target cells.
e) All the answer selections describe characteristics of exocrine glands.

A

d) Its secretory products are carried in body fluids to distant target cells.

72
Q

Since insulin released from the pancreas is carried in the bloodstream to distant target cells, like muscle cells, it is considered to be a(n)

a) local hormone.
b) circulating hormone.
c) paracrine.
d) autocrine.
e) neurotransmitter.

A

b) circulating hormone.

73
Q

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is secreted from an endocrine gland in response to a chemical change in the blood?

a) Parathyroid hormone release from the parathyroid gland.
b) Insulin release from the pancreas.
c) Glucagon release from the pancreas.
d) ADH release from the posterior pituitary gland.
e) All the answer selections are correct.

A

e) All the answer selections are correct.

74
Q

All the following hormones are produced and secreted by the ovaries EXCEPT

a) estradiol.
b) estrone.
c) progesterone.
d) inhibin.
e) follicle-stimulating hormone.

A

e) follicle-stimulating hormone.

75
Q

Which of the following is a protein hormone produced by the testes that inhibits secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland?

a) chorionic gonadotropin
b) testosterone
c) estradiol
d) inhibin
e) relaxin

A

d) inhibin

BIO235 A & P by Tortora and Derrickson 15th ED (19 decks)

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