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BIO235 A & P by Tortora and Derrickson 15th ED > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

1) Which of following processes is the function of the smooth muscle layer of the digestive system?
a) Ingestion
b) Secretion
c) Mixing and propulsion
d) Absorption
e) None of these choices

A

c) Mixing and propulsion

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2
Q

2) Which of following processes is the primary function of the mouth?
a) Ingestion
b) Secretion
c) Mixing and propulsion
d) Absorption
e) None of these choices

A

a) Ingestion

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3
Q

3) Which of the following processes is the primary function of the villi of the small intestine?
a) Ingestion
b) Secretion
c) Mixing and propulsion
d) Absorption
e) None of these choices

A

d) Absorption

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4
Q

4) Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid to soften food?
a) Teeth
b) Salivary glands
c) Liver
d) Gallbladder
e) Pharynx

A

b) Salivary glands

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5
Q

5) Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid that functions to emulsify dietary fats?
a) Teeth
b) Salivary glands
c) Liver
d) Gallbladder
e) Pharynx

A

c) Liver

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6
Q

6) Which of the following accessory organs stores bile?
a) Teeth
b) Salivary glands
c) Liver
d) Gallbladder
e) Pharynx

A

d) Gallbladder

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7
Q

7) The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called
1. Motility
2. Propulsion
3. Digestion
4. Defecation

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 4 only
e) Both 1 and 2

A

e) Both 1 and 2

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8
Q

8) Which layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels?
a) Mucosa
b) Lamina propria
c) MALT
d) Muscularis
e) Epithelium

A

b) Lamina propria

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9
Q

9) Which layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis?
a) Submucosa
b) Lamina propria
c) Epithelium
d) Serosa
e) None of these choices

A

a) Submucosa

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10
Q

10) Which layer functions by secreting a lubricating fluid?
a) Serosa
b) Submucosa
c) Muscularis
d) Mucosa
e) MALT

A

a) Serosa

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11
Q

11) Which structure is composed of prominent lymphatic nodules that function in the immune response?
a) Mucosa
b) Lamina propria
c) MALT
d) Submucosa
e) Serosa

A

c) MALT

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12
Q

12) Which plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis?
a) ENS
b) Myenteric plexus
c) Submucosal plexus
d) Digestive plexus
e) Absorption plexus

A

b) Myenteric plexus

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13
Q

13) Why do emotions such as anger or fear slow digestion?
a) Because they stimulate the parasympathetic nerves supplying the GI tract
b) Because they stimulate the somatic nerves that supply the GI tract
c) Because they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract
d) They do not affect digestion
e) Because all emotions are controlled by the Vagus nerve

A

c) Because they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract

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14
Q

14) Which portion of the peritoneum drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine?
a) Greater omentum
b) Falciform ligament
c) Lesser omentum
d) Mesentery
e) Mesocolon

A

a) Greater omentum

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15
Q

15) Which portion of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm?
a) Greater omentum
b) Falciform ligament
c) Lesser omentum
d) Mesentery
e) Mesocolon

A

b) Falciform ligament

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16
Q

16) Which portion of the peritoneum is largely responsible for carrying blood and lymph vessels to the intestines?
a) Greater omentum
b) Falciform ligament
c) Lesser omentum
d) Mesentery
e) Mesocolon

A

e) Mesocolon

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17
Q

17) In the mouth, the tooth sockets are lined with
a) Gingivae
b) Cementum
c) Periodontal ligament
d) Pulp
e) Root

A

c) Periodontal ligament

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18
Q

18) Deciduous molars are replaced by
a) Bicuspids
b) Molars
c) Incisors
d) Canines
e) Wisdom teeth

A

a) Bicuspids

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19
Q

19) Which of the following layers of the GI tract contains skeletal muscle?
a) Muscularis
b) Mucosa
c) Serosa
d) Submucosa

A

a) Muscularis

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20
Q

20) How many stages of deglutition are there?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
e) 8

A

b) 3

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21
Q

21) Which structure of the stomach allows greater distension for food storage?
a) Cardia
b) Fundus
c) Pylorus
d) Rugae
e) Sphincter

A

d) Rugae

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22
Q

22) Which of the following cells secrete hydrochloric acid?
a) Mucous cells
b) Parietal cells
c) Chief cells
d) Serosa cells
e) Chyme cells

A

b) Parietal cells

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23
Q

23) Which cell secretes the hormone that promotes production of hydrochloric acid?
a) Neck cell
b) Chief cell
c) G cell
d) Chyme cell
e) Parietal cell

A

c) G cell

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24
Q

24) How long can food stay in the fundus before being mixed with gastric juices?
a) 10 minutes
b) 20 minutes
c) 30 minutes
d) 45 minutes
e) 1 hour

A

e) 1 hour

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25
Q

25) Which major duct carries a fluid rich in bicarbonate ions?
a) Pancreatic duct
b) Hepatopancreatic duct
c) Cystic duct
d) Bile duct
e) Hepatic duct

A

a) Pancreatic duct

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26
Q

26) Which of the following pancreatic enzymes digests lipids?
a) Trypsin
b) Elastase
c) Lipase
d) Pepsin
e) All of these choices

A

c) Lipase

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27
Q

27) This of the following structures is found on the liver and is a remnant of the umbilical cord in a fetus?
a) Coronary ligament
b) Falciform ligament
c) Round ligament
d) Kupffer ligament
e) Bile ductules

A

c) Round ligament

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28
Q

28) Which of the following is the principle bile pigment?
a) Stercobilin
b) Bilirubin
c) Biliverdin
d) Both Stercobilin and Bilirubin
e) All of these choices

A

b) Bilirubin

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29
Q

29) Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
a) Conversion of carbohydrates
b) Protein metabolism
c) Storage of bilirubin
d) Phagocytosis
e) Storage of vitamins

A

c) Storage of bilirubin

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30
Q

30) Which of the following small intestine cells secrete lysozyme?
a) Goblet cells
b) Absorptive cells
c) Mucosa cells
d) Paneth cells
e) S cells

A

d) Paneth cells

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31
Q

31) Brunner’s glands
a) Secrete an acidic mucus
b) Secrete an alkaline juice
c) Secrete an alkaline mucus
d) Secrete an acidic juice

A

c) Secrete an alkaline mucus

32
Q

32) Which of the following enzymes acts to produce monoglycerides as one product?
a) Lipase
b) Amylase
c) Trypsin
d) Phosphatase
e) Ligase

A

a) Lipase

33
Q

33) Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts on glycogen and starches?
a) Chymotrypsin
b) Amylase
c) Trypsin
d) Phosphatase
e) Nucleosidase

A

b) Amylase

34
Q

34) Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts on peptide bonds?
a) Chymotrypsin
b) Amylase
c) Pepsin
d) Phosphatase
e) Nucleosidase

A

a) Chymotrypsin

35
Q

35) Which hormone functions to counteract the effect of gastric acid in the small intestine?
a) Pepsin
b) Secretin
c) Gastrin
d) Cholecystokinin
e) Amylase

A

b) Secretin

36
Q

36) Which hormone is stimulated by high levels of dietary fat in the small intestine?
a) Pepsin
b) Secretin
c) Gastrin
d) Cholecystokinin
e) Amylase

A

d) Cholecystokinin

37
Q

37) Which digestive aid, produced by the stomach, begins digestion by denaturing proteins?
a) Bicarbonate ion
b) mucus
c) Bile
d) Hydrochloric acid
e) Water

A

d) Hydrochloric acid

38
Q

38) Which structure regulates the flow of material into the colon?
a) Ileocecal sphincter
b) Pyloric sphincter
c) Appendix
d) Sigmoid colon
e) Anal canal

A

a) Ileocecal sphincter

39
Q

39) Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the large intestine?
a) Mechanical digestion
b) Chemical digestion
c) Absorption
d) Feces formation
e) Regulation of blood glucose

A

e) Regulation of blood glucose

40
Q

40) What is line A pointing to?
a) Lumen
b) MALT
c) Mucosa
d) Submucosa
e) Muscularis

A

b) MALT

41
Q

41) What layer is composed of areolar connective tissue and epithelium?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) none of these

A

e) none of these

42
Q

42) Which layer contains the lamina propria?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

b) B

43
Q

43) Which structure consists of calcified connective tissue?
a) A
b) B
c) E
d) F
e) G

A

b) B

44
Q

44) What is line F pointing to?
a) Pulp cavity
b) Cementum
c) Root canal
d) Alveolar bone
e) Gingival sulcus

A

b) Cementum

45
Q

45) Which structure has an opening called the apical foramen?
a) A
b) F
c) G
d) H
e) I

A

c) G

46
Q

46) Which the portion of the stomach connects to the duodenum?
a) A
b) E
c) D
d) B

A

c) D

47
Q

47) What does line G point to?
a) Pylorus
b) Pyloric sphincter
c) Rugae
d) Pyloric antrum
e) Greater curvature

A

d) Pyloric antrum

48
Q

48) This is the area where pyloric stenosis occurs.
a) E
b) F
c) G
d) B
e) I

A

a) E

49
Q

49) What is line I pointing to?
a) Greater curvature
b) Lesser curvature
c) Body
d) Fundus
e) Cardia

A

d) Fundus

50
Q

50) Which of the following cells secrete mucus?
a) B
b) C
c) D
d) E

A

a) B

51
Q

51) Which of the following cells secretes intrinsic factor?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

c) C

52
Q

52) Which of the following cells secretes gastrin?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

e) E

53
Q

53) Which of the following cells secretes pepsinogen?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

d) D

54
Q

54) Describe the structures and functions of the enteric nervous system.

A

Solution: The ENS consists of the submucosal plexus in the submucosa and the myenteric plexus in the muscularis. Both contain sensory and motor neurons, as well as ANS postganglionic fibers of both divisions. The myenteric plexus also contains parasympathetic ganglia. The submucosal plexus regulates movements of the mucosa, secretion from glands in the gastrointestinal tract, and vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract. The myenteric plexus regulates gastric motility.

55
Q

55) Explain why food does not normally go up into your nasal cavity or down into your lungs when you swallow-even if you are standing on your head when you swallow.

A

Solution: Presence of food in the oropharynx stimulates the deglutition center in the medulla and pons to move the soft palate and uvula upward to close off the nasopharynx, thus keeping food out of the nasal cavity. At the same time, the larynx rises and the epiglottis moves down and back to seal off the larynx, which is further closed by the vocal cords, thus keeping food from entering the lower respiratory tract.

56
Q

56) Describe the role of the liver in protein metabolism.

A

Solution: Hepatocytes deaminate amino acids. The amine group is converted to toxic ammonia. Hepatocytes convert the toxic ammonia to less toxic urea for excretion in urine. The liver also synthesizes many proteins, including most plasma proteins.

57
Q

57) Identify the protein-hydrolyzing enzymes in the digestive tract, and name their sources. Why are these enzymes released in an inactive form?

A

Solution: Pepsin from the stomach, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase from the pancreas, and aminopeptidase and dipeptidase from the small intestine are the proteases in the GI tract. The enzymes are not activated until they are in the lumen of the stomach or small intestine because they would otherwise digest the proteins in the cells that produce them.

58
Q

58) Describe the structural characteristics of the small intestine that enhance its function as the major absorber of nutrients.

A

Solution: All structures increase surface area to increase the rate of reabsorption: great length (10’ in living humans), microvilli on plasma membrane of each epithelial cell, villi (fingerlike projections of mucosa), and circular folds (permanent ridges in the mucosa).

59
Q

59) Name the structure labeled F
a) Parietal cell
b) Gastric glands
c) Gastric pit
d) Chief cell
e) Simple columnar epithelium

A

c) Gastric pit

60
Q

60) Name the structure labeled G
a) Parietal cell
b) Gastric glands
c) Gastric pit
d) Chief cell
e) Simple columnar epithelium

A

b) Gastric glands

61
Q

61) Name the layer labeled A
a) Submucosa
b) Serosa
c) Longitudinal muscle
d) Mucosa
e) Circular muscle

A

e) Circular muscle

62
Q

62) Name the layer labeled B
a) Submucosa
b) Serosa
c) Longitudinal muscle
d) Mucosa
e) Circular muscle

A

c) Longitudinal muscle

63
Q

63) Name the layer labeled C
a) Submucosa
b) Serosa
c) Longitudinal muscle
d) Mucosa
e) Circular muscle

A

b) Serosa

64
Q

64) Name the layer labeled E
a) Submucosa
b) Serosa
c) Longitudinal muscle
d) Mucosa
e) Circular muscle

A

d) Mucosa

65
Q

65) Name the layer labeled D
a) Submucosa
b) Serosa
c) Longitudinal muscle
d) Mucosa
e) Circular muscle

A

a) Submucosa

66
Q

66) The enzyme, produced in the organ labeled C, which digests DNA is called:
a) Deoxyribonuclease
b) Ribonuclease
c) Salivary amylase
d) Pepsin
e) sucrase

A

a) Deoxyribonuclease

67
Q

67) The enzyme, produced in the organ labeled C, that produces fatty acids and monoglycerides during digestion is called:
a) Sucrase
b) Pancreatic lipase
c) Salivary amylase
d) Trypsin
e) Elastase

A

b) Pancreatic lipase

68
Q

68) The enzyme, produced in the organ labeled D, that produces both glucose and galactose as products is called:
a) lactase
b) pancreatic lipase
c) sucrase
d) pepsin
e) nucleases

A

a) lactase

69
Q

69) The enzyme, produced in the organ labeled D, that produces only glucose as a product is called:
a) maltase
b) pancreatic lipase
c) sucrase
d) pepsin
e) nucleases

A

a) maltase

70
Q

70) Which of the following disorders involving the organ labeled E can result from viruses, drugs and chemicals such as alcohol?
a) heartburn
b) mumps
c) pancreatitis
d) hepatitis
e) vomiting

A

d) hepatitis

71
Q

71) Which of the following disorders can occur in the organ labeled B?
a) Appendicitis
b) mumps
c) pancreatitis
d) hepatitis
e) peptic ulcers

A

e) peptic ulcers

72
Q

72) Which of the following is the forerunner of the gastrointestinal tract?
a) primitive gut
b) foregut
c) midgut
d) hindgut
e) endoderm

A

a) primitive gut

73
Q

73) Which of the following is NOT a change in the digestive system associated with aging?
a) Decreased secretory mechanisms
b) Decreased motility of the digestive organs
c) Loss of strength and tone of the muscular tissue
d) changes in neurosensory feedback regarding enzyme and hormone release
e) All of these are age related changes in the digestive system.

A

e) All of these are age related changes in the digestive system.

74
Q

74) Which of the following is a contribution of the digestive system to the muscular system?
a) Small intestine absorbs dietary calcium and phosphorous salts.
b) The liver can convert lactic acid to glucose.
c) Small intestine absorbs vitamin D.
d) Excess dietary calories are stored as triglycerides in adipose cells.
e) The liver synthesizes most plasma proteins.

A

b) The liver can convert lactic acid to glucose.

75
Q

75) Which type of hepatitis is spread via fecal contamination of objects such as food, clothing, toys, and eating utensils and is characterized by loss of appetite, malaise, nausea, diarrhea, fever, and chills.
a) Hepatitis A
b) Hepatitis B
c) Hepatitis C
d) Hepatitis D
e) Hepatitis E

A

a) Hepatitis A

BIO235 A & P by Tortora and Derrickson 15th ED (19 decks)

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