The Mitotic Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

thread-like structures in the nucleus of cells, made of protein and a tightly coiled DNA molecule, the number of chromosomes is characteristic of a species

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2
Q

What is DNA?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule of inheritance which contains the genetic code of organisms

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3
Q

What is a histone protein?

A

the basic protein molecule which forms nucleosomes which DNA wraps around to form chromosomes

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4
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

one half of a duplicated chromosome that forms during DNA replication, containing one DNA molecule

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5
Q

What is a centromere?

A

the region holding chromosomes together, contains two kinetochores from which microtubules extend, where the chromatids separate from during cell division

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6
Q

What is a telomere?

A

extra DNA at the ends of the molecule, made of DNA with multiple repeat sequences, which ensures that DNA telomerase copies the important genes and no information is lost

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7
Q

What is mitosis?

A

nuclear division that produced two genetically identical daughter nuclei

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8
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

growth, cell replacement and tissue repair, asexual reproduction, immune response

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9
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

interphase, nuclear division, cytokinesis

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10
Q

What is interphase?

A

G1 (cell grows), S (DNA replication), G2 (preparation for division)

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11
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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12
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

cell division by constriction of cell membrane

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13
Q

What are stem cells?

A

an undifferentiated cell that can divide by mitosis an unlimited number of times, and has potency to differentiate into different specialised cells

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14
Q

What is a tumour?

A

an irregular mass of cells cause by uncontrolled mitosis by cancerous cells

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15
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

the first stage of mitosis where the nuclear envelop breaks down, centrosomes move to opposite poles, chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle begins to form

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16
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

the second stage of mitosis where the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

17
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

the third stage of mitosis where chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibres

18
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

the fourth stage of mitosis where the nuclear envelope reforms around the separated sets of chromosomes

19
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

the loosely coiled form of chromatin seen at interphase, where genes are active

20
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

the tightly coiled form of chromatin seen at nuclear division, where genes are inactive

21
Q

What is a zygote?

A

the cell formed when gametes fuse, all cells in multicellular organisms derived from here, diploid

22
Q

What is a gamete?

A

reproductive cells, contain half chromosomes of diploid cells, haploid

23
Q

What is the structure of a chromosome?

A

two identical sister chromatids made of a DNA molecule each, telomeres, centromere

24
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA wound around histone protein molecules

25
Q

How does cancer develop?

A

carcinogens cause mutations - cancerous cell continues to divide - cancer cell not removed by immune system - tumour gets bigger - supplied with lymph and blood vessels - spreads through blood and lymph - metastasis - secondary cancers form