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Infectious Diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is a disease?

A

a disease is an illness or disorder of the body or mind which leads to poor health, each disease has a set of signs and symptoms

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2
Q

What is the difference between an infectious and non-infectious disease?

A

an infectious disease is one caused by a pathogen and are communicable, a non-infectious disease is not, eg. lung cancer, sickle cell anaemia

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3
Q

What is the pathogen of cholera?

A

vibrio cholerae

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4
Q

What is the pathogen of malaria?

A

plasmodium (falsiparum, vivax, ovale, malariae)

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5
Q

What is the pathogen of tuberculosis?

A

myobacterium tuberculosis, m. bovis

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6
Q

What is the pathogen of HIV/AIDS?

A

human immunodeficiency virus

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7
Q

What is the pathogen of measles?

A

morbillivirus

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8
Q

What is the pathogen of smallpox?

A

variola

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9
Q

How is cholera transmitted?

A

contaminated food and water

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10
Q

How is malaria transmitted?

A

vector - female anopheles mosquito

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11
Q

How is tuberculosis transmitted?

A

airborne droplets (m. tuberculosis), undercooked meat/unpasteurised milk (m. bovis)

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12
Q

How is measles transmitted?

A

airborne droplets

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13
Q

How is HIV/AIDS transmitted?

A

exchange of bodily fluids eg. blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk, placenta

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14
Q

How is cholera prevented?

A

sewage treatment, clean water, vaccination in endemic places

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15
Q

What biological, social, and economic factors need to be considered in the control and prevention of infectious diseases?

A

dense populations, overcrowding, poor sanitation, lack of education, poor healthcare, lack of funding

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16
Q

How is malaria prevented?

A

reduce mosquitos with insecticides, oil, drainage, fish which feed on larvae, bacterium bacillus thuringiensis

reduce chances of being bitten by sleeping under bed nets and covering at dusk

profylactic drugs such as chloroquine or mefloquine before, during, and after a visit to endemic areas

17
Q

How is tuberculosis prevented?

A

BCG vaccine , testing cattle, pasteurising milk, cooking meat

18
Q

How is HIV/AIDS prevented?

A

blood donations screened and heat-treated, babies and mothers drug treated, condoms, femidoms, dental dams, education programs, education programmes, encourage not sharing needles between intravenous drug users

19
Q

What factors influence the global distribution of malaria?

A

hot, humid areas near the equator as there are more mosquitos present

20
Q

What factors influence the global distribution of tuberculosis?

A

all countries, predominantly densely populated and developing places

21
Q

What factors influence the global distribution of HIV/AIDS?

A

95% in less developed countries, mostly sub-saharan africa

22
Q

What is the worldwide importance of malaria?

A

increase in drug resistant forms, increase in proportion of cases caused by p. falciparum, difficulty developing vaccine, increase in number of epidemics due to climatic changes, migration for economic and political reasons, modern techniques in gene sequencing, development of vaccines, international will to remove disease

23
Q

What is the worldwide importance of tuberculosis?

A

endemic in whole population, increase in drug-resistant forms

24
Q

What is the worldwide importance of HIV/AIDS?

A

exponential spread of virus since 1980s, no cure, reversed economic growth, risk to public health

25
Q

How does penicillin act on bacteria?

A

by targeting:

  • synthesis of bacterial cell walls
  • activity of proteins in cell surface membrane
  • bacterial enzyme action
  • bacterial DNA synthesis
  • bacterial protein synthesis
26
Q

Why don’t antibiotics affect viruses?

A

they do not have cells or cell walls and therefore antibiotics cannot target their features

27
Q

How do bacteria become resistance to antibiotics?

A

evolution by natural selection, vertical transmission, horizontal transmission

28
Q

What is mutation?

A

a change in DNA nucleotide sequence/gene resulting in new variant

29
Q

What is selection?

A

variation in bacteria caused by mutation of a gene may result in antibiotic resistance, this bacteria can reproduce with less competition, so the genes for resistance are passed on to the next generation, over time resulting in a new antibiotic resistant strain of the species

30
Q

What are the consequences of antibiotic resistance?

A

increase in strains of resistant bacteria, race to find new antibiotics, resistance spreads quickly, multiple resistance, problem for doctors, long hospital stays and death,

31
Q

What can be done to reduce the impact of antibiotic resistance?

A
  • prescription
  • avoid over/unnecessary use
  • narrow spectrum antibiotics
  • finish course
  • don’t keep at home
  • different types of antibiotics prescribed for same disease
  • avoid preventative antibiotics in farming
32
Q

How is measles prevented?

A

vaccine, cover mouth and nose

33
Q

How is cholera treated/controlled?

A

ready access to oral rehydration therapy, monitoring programmes, antibiotics in severe cases

34
Q

How is malaria treated/controlled?

A

improve diagnosis, improve supply of effective drugs, use drugs in combination, promoting methods to prevent transmission, dipstick tests, plasmodium genome has been sequenced making it easier to develop a vaccine, anti-malarial drugs

35
Q

How is tuberculosis treated/controlled?

A

contact tracing/testing, isolation, drugs

36
Q

How is HIV/AIDS treated/controlled?

A

contact tracing, screening blood, needle exchange programmes, encouraging high risk groups to be tested, antiretroviral drugs, HIV-positive mothers advised not to breast feed in high income countries

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