Fal. Of Relevance

Question 0

Ad verecundiam (Appeal to illegitimate authority)

Answer 0

When the appeal is made to someone or something as an authority on a particular subject who is not an authority on that subject.

Question 1

Ad ignorantiam (appeal to ignorance)

Answer 1

1. We don’t know that P is true, so P is false.
2. We don’t know that P is false, so P is true.

Also the burden of proof rests on the presenter and they do not give evidence.

Question 2

Ad hominem (Personal attack)

Answer 2

1. Abusive: an abusive argument against the person replies to an argument by attacking the arguer’s character rather than the argument presented.
2. Circumstantial: appeals to some circumstances in which the Arguer finds themself as a reason to discredit the argument.
3. Tu quoque: Appeal to inconsistencies between an argument and the arguer’s actions.

Question 3

Ad populum (Appeal to the populous; Appeal to emotion; mob appeal)

Answer 3

If it takes the fact that believing that a statement is true makes you “feel good” is a sufficient reason to believe that the statement is true.

Likewise, if the fact that the populous believes or views something as right is used as validation, this does not actually make it so.

Question 4

Ad misericordiam (Appeal to pity)

Answer 4

Takes an emotional response to an unfortunate situation as a reason to believe or act in a certain way.

Question 5

Ad baculum (Appeal to force)

Answer 5

If an argument includes an implicit but unwarranted or inappropriate threat.

Question 6

Ignoratio elenchi; non sequitur (Irrelevant conclusion)

Answer 6

When a conclusion is drawn that is not suggested by the premises.

Red herring: a reply to an argument that diverts attention from the issue.

Straw person: a reply to an argument that attacks an allegedly unstated premise when that premise is not assumed or distorts the conclusion and attacks the distorted version of the conclusion.