Fal. Of Presumption

Question 0

False cause

Answer 0

When an argument identifies something as a cause which is not a cause.

Question 1

Complex question

Answer 1

A fallacious complex question provides the basis for a conclusion based on the answer to the assumed question. The question must either be “loaded” that is, the answer to the assumed question places the answerer in a bad light, or the answer to the assumed question is false.

Question 2

Petito principii (Begging the question)

Answer 2

When an argument assumes as a premise what it sets out to prove as its conclusion. This can occur when:

1. The conclusion of the argument is merely a restatement of the premise.
2. Circular argument: In a chain of arguments, the conclusion of the last argument is a premise of the first.
3. Question-begging epithet: The premise of an argument uses terms that assume what is asserted in the conclusion.

Question 3

Accident

Answer 3

When an argument appeals to the general claim and either (1) the general claim to which the argument appeals is false or (2) a general principle that holds in most cases is applied in a case in which it does not apply.

Question 4

Converse accident (Hasty generalization)

Answer 4

When a general claim-whether universal or statistical-is reached on the basis of insufficient evidence, particularly when the sample on which the generalization is based is a typical.

Question 5

Suppressed evidence

Answer 5

An argument commits the fallacy of suppressed evidence if it ignores evidence that is contrary to the conclusion it depends on.

Question 6

False dichotomy

Answer 6

A disjunctive syllogism commits the fallacy of false dichotomy if its disjunctive premise is false.

*disjunctive premise- “if and only if _”